20-1528 Adopting 2020-2025 Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy PlanRESOLUTION NO. 20-1528
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY OF LONGWOOD, FLORIDA ADOPTING THE
2020 — 2025 SEMINOLE COUNTY LOCAL MITIGATION STRATEGY PLAN.
Whereas, The City of Longwood is charged with the duty of protecting the health, safety, and
welfare of its citizens; and
Whereas, areas of the City of Longwood are vulnerable to a wide range of natural, man-made
and technological threats with potential human and economic costs; and
Whereas, the City of Longwood City Commission realizes the importance of reducing or
eliminating those vulnerabilities for the overall good and welfare of the community, and
Whereas, the City of Longwood has been an active participant in the Local Mitigation Strategy
Working Group, which has established a comprehensive, coordinated planning process involving the
county and its municipalities, as well as other public and private sector organizations, to eliminate or
decrease these vulnerabilities, and
Whereas, on May 9, 2000, the initial Local Mitigation Strategy, which identified and prioritized
hazardous and susceptible structures and developed program that reduced the vulnerability to disasters,
was adopted by the City Commission; and
Whereas, since that time, the Federal Government has implemented new and updated Code of
Federal Regulation (CFR) standards which further enhance the minimum standards previously required;
and
Whereas, City of Longwood representatives and staff have reviewed the information provided by
or for other participating jurisdictions and organizations, including the projects and programs they have
proposed for incorporation into the Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy update for 2020; and
Whereas, these proposed projects and programs have been incorporated into the current
edition of the Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy that has been prepared and issued for
consideration and implementation by the County and municipalities of Seminole County; and
Whereas, adoption of this document by the City of Longwood will provide for continued grant
funding for local mitigation initiatives, as approved through the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA); and
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF LONGWOOD, FLORIDA
AS FOLLOWS:
1. The City of Longwood hereby accepts and formally adopts the 2020-2025 Seminole County
Local Mitigation Strategy, a copy which his hereby attached.
2. The City of Longwood accepts and endorses the mitigation goals and objectives established
by the Local Mitigation Strategy Working Group for the countywide plan.
Resolution No. 20-1528
Page 1 of 3
3. The City of Longwood finds that the proposed mitigation projects and programs included in
the strategy by other jurisdictions and organizations are acceptable and will not adversely affect the
county or its neighborhoods.
4. Staff of the City of Longwood are requested and instructed to pursue available funding
opportunities for implementation of the proposals designated therein.
5. The agencies and organizations within the City of Longwood will, upon receipt of such
funding or other necessary resources, seek to implement the proposals contained in the County's
individual section of the strategy.
6. The City of Longwood will continue to participate in the updating and expansion of the
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy in the years ahead.
7. The City of Longwood will further seek to encourage the businesses, industries and
community groups to also participate in the updating and expansion of the Seminole County Local
Mitigation Strategy in the years ahead.
8. Conflicts. If any Resolutions or Ordinances or parts thereof are in conflict herewith, this
Resolution shall control to the extent of the conflict.
9. Severability. If any portion of this Resolution is determined to void, unconstitutional, or
invalid by a court of competent jurisdiction, the remainder of this Resolution shall remain in full force
and effect.
10. Effective Date. This Resolution shall become effective immediately upon passage and
adoption.
PASSED AND ADOPTED this 6th day of April 2020.
CITY COMMISSION
CITY OF LONGWOOD, FLORIDA
MAYOR, MATT MORGAN
Resolution No. 20-1528
Page 2 of 3
Approved as to form and legality for the use and reliance of the City of Longwood, Florida only:
v
CITY ATTOITNEY, DA L W LA
Resolution No. 20-1528
Page 3 of 3
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Local Mitigation Strategy
for
Seminole County
and its
Municipalities
SEMI
TY
FLOKIDA'S NATUKAL CHOICE
2020-2025
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Contents
ExecutiveSummary.............................................................................................................................................................................................................3
General................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
Purpose..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
PlanningProcess.............................................................................................................................................................................................................4
ParticipatingOrganizations.......................................................................................................................................................................................5
PublicParticipation...................................................................................................................................................................................................6
UpdateProcess.........................................................................................................................................................................................................7
RiskAssessment..................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
Hazards...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
RelativeRisk............................................................................................................................................................................................................10
RelativeRisk Calculation/Scale................................................................................................................................................................................11
HazardAnalysis............................................................................................................................................................................................................12
Vulnerability......................................................................................................................................................................................................................73
AssessingVulnerabilities...................................................................................................................................................................................................73
RepetitiveLoss Properties............................................................................................................................................................................................73
LandUse Trends and Potential Loss.............................................................................................................................................................................75
CriticalFacilities and Infrastructure..............................................................................................................................................................................75
MitigationGoals................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
MitigationActions........................................................................................................................................................................................................76
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy Goals and Objectives....................................................................................................................................77
AddressingKnown Risks and Vulnerabilities................................................................................................................................................................80
NationalFlood Insurance Program (NFIP) Compliance......................................................................................................................................................80
CommunityRating System................................................................................................................................................................................................81
Implementation.................................................................................................................................................................................................................81
Prioritizationof Actions................................................................................................................................................................................................81
MitigationProject Priority List...........................................................................................................................................................................................83
Responsiblefor Mitigation Actions..............................................................................................................................................................................83
Cost -Benefit Analysis....................................................................................................................................................................................................83
ActionsCompleted.......................................................................................................................................................................................................83
StrategyMaintenance.......................................................................................................................................................................................................84
LMSMonitoring and Evaluation...................................................................................................................................................................................84
LMSUpdates................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
Implementation through Existing Plans and Programs................................................................................................................................................85
Authoritiesand References...............................................................................................................................................................................................87
2
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Executive Summary
Seminole County is threatened by a variety of natural, technological, and human -caused hazards. These hazards
may endanger the health and safety of the community, jeopardize its economic vitality, and threaten the quality of
its environment. The public and private sectors of Seminole County have joined together to create the Seminole
County Local Mitigation Strategy Working Group (LMS Working Group) to undertake a comprehensive planning
process. This process analyzes all the hazards that affect Seminole County while developing effective mitigation
measures to reduce the overall impact to the community.
This document encompasses a multi -jurisdictional approach to hazard mitigation planning. The planning process
was conducted through the coordinated and cooperative effort of several local governments including City of
Altamonte Springs, City of Casselberry, City of Lake Mary, City of Longwood, City of Oviedo, City of Sanford, City of
Winter Springs, and Seminole County. Seminole County's seven municipalities have formally adopted the current
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy. Upon approval of this update to the Local Mitigation Strategy a new
resolution will be formally adopted.
The LMS Working Group has also conducted a significant amount of research to identify the hazards threatening
Seminole County in order to estimate relative risk posed to the County by those hazards. For each hazard, an
impact analysis was completed which evaluated impacts to the public, property, environment, and program
operations. A consequence analysis was completed that examined the potential consequences in relationship to
the economy, responder safety, continuity of operations, property/facilities/infrastructure, and public confidence
in the jurisdictions' governance'. The information in this document has been used by the LMS Working Group to
prioritize its planning efforts to assess the vulnerabilities of the facilities and neighborhoods of Seminole County to
the impacts of future disasters.
Proposed projects and programs aimed at reducing the impacts of future disasters are called "mitigation initiatives"
in this document. Mitigation initiatives have been developed and will continue to be developed by the LMS
Working Group as new hazard research is conducted, risk levels are increased, and as resources and opportunities
become available. Implementation of this strategy is essential and will continue to help make participating
communities more resistant to the effects of major disasters.
This strategy will continue to be updated and expanded in the future to encompass changes in characteristics of
hazards, experiences with disasters, and changing conditions of participating jurisdictions. The update process and
future editions of this mitigation plan will be used to continue to inform and involve the public and other interested
groups to improve the overall resilience of the whole community.
' 2016 EMAP Standard 4.1.1/4.1.2
3
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
General
Introduction
Mitigation is any action taken to permanently reduce or eliminate the risk to people and their property
from the effects of hazards. The key to successful hazard vulnerability reduction through mitigation is to
implement a well -conceived planning process. The LMS Working Group was established to encourage the
public, private, and non-profit sectors of the community to become more resistant to the impacts of future
disasters. The LMS Working Group has been tasked with a comprehensive evaluation of the vulnerabilities
of Seminole County for all -hazards in order to identify ways to make the community more resilient to the
impacts of disasters.
Purpose
The primary purpose of the LMS is to establish an on -going process that encourages hazard mitigation as
part of a daily routine for Seminole County. The LMS process encouraged Seminole County to assess its
vulnerabilities to all types of hazards; identify a comprehensive list of goals, objectives, plans, programs
and projects in order to decrease or eliminate the effects of the identified vulnerabilities; and then
prioritize the implementation of the selected initiatives.
Planning Process
The LMS Working Group is comprised of all local government agencies within Seminole County, business
leaders, community organizations, inter -faith groups, healthcare facilities, school board personnel and
citizens.
On a periodic basis, the LMS Working Group solicits the continuing involvement in mitigation planning by
each jurisdiction in Seminole County. Jurisdictions are encouraged to identify agencies and organizations
that should represent the jurisdiction on the LMS Working Group. Written solicitation was issued by
Seminole County's Office of Emergency Management to local jurisdictions, adjacent counties, and
community organizations to attend a LMS Planning Team Kick -Off Meeting on March 28, 2019. Subsequent
meetings were held on April 25th, June 13th, July 25th, August 22"d, and September 11th, 2019. Organizations
not directly associated with the state, regional or local governments, such as large businesses and
volunteer agencies and the public are solicited on an annual basis to join the planning process, as well as
through periodic public information efforts through the LMS Working Group. Organizations that respond
and attend the meetings are considered to be participants in the Seminole County LMS Planning Process
and requested to engage in the meetings and planning activities necessary to develop, maintain and
implement the plan.
An important part of the planning process is the review and research of historical events, current
conditions, and current plans. These resources help to build the background for the risk assessment of each
hazard and assist the planning team with updating the mitigation plan. Resources used in the planning
process for this plan include:
FEMA — National Flood Insurance Program and Community Rating System
4
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Florida Division of Emergency Management
National Weather Service
Seminole County Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Seminole County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan 2017
Seminole County Comprehensive Plan
Seminole County Extension Services
Seminole County Floodplain Management Plan
Participating Organizations
Participating local government agencies are registered as organizations under the appropriate jurisdiction,
as are other groups, associations, districts, regions, and agencies, both public and private, which serve the
jurisdiction they are headquartered in.
Seminole County's multi -jurisdictional planning approach enables all interested organizations, groups, and
agencies, regardless of their total number, to be directly and actively involved in the planning within a
limited number of jurisdictions. Seminole County has involved seven jurisdictions defined as active
participants in the planning process. The active planning participants include: City of Altamonte Springs,
City of Casselberry, City of Lake Mary, City of Longwood, City of Oviedo, City of Sanford, City of Winter
Springs, and Seminole County.
This is an all-inclusive list for all the entities within Seminole County required to approve the LMS as a
multi -jurisdictional plan. Participation will be identified by attendance and active participation in the
process. However, many additional partners, agencies, and neighboring jurisdictions were invited via email
to each meeting. Participating municipalities are the same jurisdictions which participated in the 2015 plan
update and have been consistently active in the process since that time.
This LMS Planning Team has had participation by all the entities listed below to the extent that they have
attended the meetings, participated, and contributed to the update process of gathering data, or providing
insight and information all in the effort to better mitigate Seminole County.
Name
Agency
Position
Lucius Cushman
Citizen
Citizen
Rob Wolf
Citizen
Citizen
Anthony Apfelbeck
City of Altamonte Springs
Director of Building & Fire Safety
Mark Gisclar
City of Casselberry
Public Works Director
Miguel Conde
City of Lake Mary
Assistant City Engineer
Danielle Koury
City of Lake Mary
Engineer
David Hamstra
City of Longwood
Pegasus Engineering
Michael Peters
City of Longwood
Fire Chief/ Emergency Manager
Jeff Buchanan
City of Oviedo
Fire Chief
Nichlaus Dorey
City of Oviedo
Division Chief
Michael Cash
City of Sanford
Planning Engineer/ Floodplain
Manager
5
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Craig Radzak
City of Sanford
Bryant Smith
City of Winter Springs
Cliff Frazier
Florida Forest Service
Avi Bryan
Seminole County Emergency
Management
Aaron Funk
Seminole County Emergency
Management
Alan Harris
Seminole County Emergency
Management
Josh Holder
Seminole County Emergency
Management
Steven Lerner
Seminole County Emergency
Management
Justin Nguyen
Seminole County Emergency
Management
Kathryn Valentine
Seminole County Emergency
Management
Marie Lackey
Seminole County Public Works
Fire Chief
Public Works Engineer
Wildfire Mitigation Specialist
Associate
Operations Manager
Chief Administrator of Emergency
Management
Associate
Senior Planner
Associate
Mitigation and Recovery Coordinator
Watershed Management Coordinator
Public Participation
At the start of the planning process, the Seminole County Office of Emergency Management (OEM)
requested citizen members to join the LMS Planning Team using multiple avenues. The OEM requested
citizen representative suggestion from the Board of County Commissioners and also utilized social media to
invite citizens to become part of the LMS Planning Team for the 2020-2025 update.
Several public information activities will be undertaken to allow for public comment on the draft plan.
Every LMS Planning Team meeting was posted on the Prepare Seminole online calendar of events. The LMS
Working Group will hold a public meeting to solicit input from citizens in person, and advertisements for
this meeting will be shared through social media, the Prepare Seminole website, and a local newspaper
advertisement. For the update of this document, a link will be added to www.prepareseminole.com to
continue to allow the public to submit written input and comment for the LMS update. Comments from the
public can be made through the Office of Emergency Management or directly via email to the LMS
Coordinator.
The final opportunity for public comment will take place at the Board of County Commissioners meeting
when the plan is presented for formal adoption.
Once the plan is adopted the approved plan will continue to be made available via the website for future
review and comment. Public comment on the plan will continue to be encouraged on
www.prepareseminole.com. In addition to seeking public comment and input to the overall planning
process and the draft plan, many of the participating agencies and organizations in the LMS Working Group
individually conduct efforts to inform the public about the impacts of disasters, hazard mitigation and the
mitigation planning process.
Upcoming community outreach efforts will focus on including the precepts of mitigation in current public
information activities, and to make the public aware of this planning process, its goals and objectives, and
opportunities for public input at every possible occasion.
11
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
The Seminole County LMS Working Group will continue efforts to develop and implement a year-round
program to engage the community in the LMS planning process and to provide them with mitigation -
related information and educations. These efforts will be to continually invite public comments and
recommendations regarding the mitigation goals for the community, the priorities for the planning, and the
unique needs of each community for mitigation -related public information.
Update Process
The current LMS Working Group, participants and attendees came together to update the plan to meet the
federal and state LMS Plan requirements. Using the 2015 plan as a foundation, a review of every section of
the Seminole County LMS was conducted and the plan was revised using the 2018 Florida Local Mitigation
Strategy Crosswalk and the 2018 Florida Division of Emergency Management Local Mitigation Strategy
Update Manual.
During the 2019 Seminole County LMS update the following actions were taken by the LMS Working
Group:
A LMS revision kick-off meeting with the LMS Planning Team was conducted to confirm the list of hazards
as a starting point for the update of the plan.
The following sections were reviewed and updated:
General Section:
This section includes the plan introduction, purpose, and planning process. This section was revised
to reflect the current approach and processes of the Seminole County LMS Working Group.
Risk Assessment Section:
This section includes the hazard analysis and assessing the vulnerabilities of Seminole County. This
section was updated to reflect current documented history and outlook of the hazards that could
impact Seminole County. Each section was revised to reflect updated hazard events and to reflect
current vulnerabilities. The Seminole County LMS Working Group determined for continuity
purposes the LMS hazards would remain consistent with the Seminole County Comprehensive
Emergency Management Plan (CEMP).
Mitigation Goals Section
This section includes the mitigation goals, specific objectives under each goal, National Flood
Insurance Program (NFIP) compliance data, and the process for mitigation project implementation.
Each section was revised to reflect current updated goals for the LMS, updated NFIP data, and the
revised process for the implementation of the mitigation projects.
Plan Maintenance Section
This section includes the monitoring and evaluation process for the LMS, the update process for
the LMS, and how the LMS is implemented through existing plans and procedures. This section was
revised to reflect the current processes for the monitoring, evaluation, and update for the LMS.
The implementation of existing plans and processes for LMS were reviewed and revised to reflect
the current implementation process.
LMS Working Group By -Laws Appendix
7
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
The LMS Working Group By -Laws were revised to reflect the current policies and guidelines of the
Seminole County LMS Working Group.
The draft revisions of the LMS sections that required updates were disseminated to all LMS Working Group
members for review and comment.
The LMS Working Group will continue to send out annual written invitations to everyone who may have a
stake in the process, and will include any additional people or groups as needed and identified, as required
by Florida Administrative Rule 2713-22.
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Risk Assessment
Hazards
The technical planning process begins with hazard identification. In this process, the LMS Planning Team
and representatives of individual jurisdictions identify all of the natural, technological and human -caused
hazards that could threaten Seminole County. The following hazards were selected by the LMS Planning
Team for the 2020-2025 LMS:
• Agriculture (Exotic Pests and Disease)
• Civil Disorder
• Critical Infrastructure Disruption
o Communication
o Power
o Utility
• Cyber Security/Cyber Attack
• Disease and Pandemic Outbreak
• Drought and Water Shortage
• Earthquakes
• Extreme Heat
• Financial Collapse
• Fires/ Wildfires
• Flooding
• Hazardous Materials (Fixed Site and Transportation)
• Mass Gatherings/ Planned Events
• Mass Migration/ Repatriation
• Severe Weather
o Hail
o Lightning
o Micro -bursts
o Thunderstorms
• Sinkholes/Land Subsidence
• Terrorism
• Tornadoes
• Transportation Accident
o Aircraft
o Rail
o Mass Casualty Incident
• Tropical Cyclones
o Hurricanes
o Tropical Storms
• Violent Acts (Non- Terrorism)
• Winter Storms/ Freezes
0
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
As hazards are identified for Seminole County, participants can make an estimate of the relative risk each
possesses to the community. This section details the natural and human -caused hazards to which Seminole
County is vulnerable.
The Seminole County LMS Planning Team has incorporated hazard history that was available. In the future,
the LMS Planning Team will incorporate continued hazard history for inclusion in the LMS.
Relative Risk
Each hazard described in this section is ranked by level of relative risk based on probability and severity.
These scales are defined below:
Probability Scale- based on historical data this scale takes into effect the likelihood that Seminole
County will be impacted by the hazard within a given period of time
• O=None- Although the hazard is noted, no previous occurrence has been recorded and the
hazard is considered no threat to the jurisdiction
• 1=Low- Some potential for the hazard to exist once every 10 years or more
• 2=Moderate- Potential for the hazard to exist once every 5-10 years
• 3=High- Potential for the hazard to exist once every 1-5 years
Severity Scale- based on the magnitude of the hazard and the on -going mitigation measures
Magnitude
Human Impact (Possibility of death or injury)
• O=None- No possibility of death or injury
• 1=Low- Some potential for death or injury
• 2= Moderate- Potential for death or injury
• 3=High- Strong potential for death or injury
Property Impact (Physical losses and damages)
• O=None- No possibility of physical loss and/or damage
• 1=Low- Some potential for physical loss and/or damage
• 2=Moderate- Potential for physical loss and/or damage
• 3=High- Strong potential for physical loss and/or damage
Spatial Impact (Amount of geographic area affected)
• O=None- No geographic area affected
• 1=Low- Up to 25% of total land mass affected
• 2=Moderate- 25%-50% of total land mass affected
• 3=High- 50% or more of total land mass affected
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Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Economic Impact (Interruption of business services)
• O=None- No interruption of business services
• 1=Low- Some potential for business service interruption
• 2=Moderate- Potential for business service interruption
• 3=High- Strong potential for business service interruption
Mitigation
Preparedness (Specialized Plans)
• O=None-N/A
• 1=High- Specific plan dedicated to this hazard
• 2=Moderate- Hazard is addressed in other plans
• 3=Low- No specific plan for hazard
Training and Exercising (Multi -year Training and Exercise Planning)
• O=None- No training or exercising on this hazard
• 1=High- Yearly training and exercising
• 2=Moderate- Training and exercising completed every other year
• 3=Low- Rarely trained or exercised
Logistics (Availability of specialized equipment, teams or support)
• O=None- No specialized equipment, teams, or support
• 1=High- Highly specialized equipment, teams or support
• 2=Moderate- Minimal specialized equipment, teams or support
• 3=Low- Very few teams, equipment and support available
Relative Risk Calculation/Scale
Probability x (Magnitude -Mitigation) = Relative Risk
Low= 0%-30% Medium= 31%-60% High= 61%+.
The following Hazard Analyses were developed through research of historical occurrences, input from outside
agencies, and through several planning meetings involving stakeholders. Stakeholders at the plan review meetings
discussed and determined the level of severity in the different impact categories, used historical knowledge to
determine frequency of occurrence, and used knowledge of current operations and procedures to determine
mitigation measures. After these summary sheets were developed, they were disseminated to the LMS Working
Group to gather feedback and receive approval.
11
Hazard Analysis
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Agriculture (Exotic Pests and Diseases)
Probability of Occurrence 1-5 Years
Risk 17%
Relative Risk Low
Description Agriculture incidents in Seminole County are quite rare and
historically have not caused much damage to the community. In
coordination with Seminole County's Agriculture Extension
Office, Emergency Management is made aware of incidents
involving crops and exotic pest outbreaks that may pose a threat
to the community. Diseases that may pose a threat to crops in
Seminole County include Citrus Canker and Citrus Greening.
Potential pests include mosquitos, toads, mice, rats, and other
harmful pests. On -going crop diseases present a threat to the
agriculture community in Seminole County.
Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are microscopic
organisms found naturally in all types of fresh or brackish water.
The organisms use sunlight to make their own food. In warm,
nutrient -rich (high in phosphorus and nitrogen) environments,
cyanobacteria can multiply quickly, creating blooms that spread
across the water's surface. The blooms might become visible.
Cyanobacteria can be toxic to humans, pets, and livestock.
Blooms can stay below the water's surface, or they sometimes
float to the surface in warmer climate. Some cyanobacteria
blooms can look like foam, scum, or mats, particularly when the
wind blows them toward a shoreline.
Extent Ranges from small affected area of crops, up to 34,926 acres of
farmland in the County.
Location Much of the agricultural foundation of Seminole County is
located in the northwestern portion of the county including the
Cities of Lake Mary and Sanford and the unincorporated
Seminole County, but the effects of an incident may impact the
entire county.
Significant Occurrences (1982): The City of Longwood - toad infestation due to heavy
rains
(1995): Citrus Canker detected in Seminole County
(1999): The City of Altamonte Springs experienced mice
infestations
(2007): Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as Citrus Greening,
confirmed in Seminole County. Between 2008-2017, Seminole
County citrus filled 157,000 boxes but declined to 29,000 boxes
12
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
in less than one decade.
(2019): In October, Seminole County was alerted to two (2) blue-
green algae blooms in residential lakes. Sampling and testing of
the lakes confirmed toxins in the lake and alert signage was
placed in public locations surrounding the waterbody. A reverse
emergency call was placed to all of the residents in the area.
Spatial extent - while the direct impacts may be less than 25%,
the indirect effects of an incident could be county -wide
Overall Vulnerability Overall vulnerability of Seminole County and its jurisdictions to
agricultural diseases and pests is low. Although there is not a
large percentage of farmland in the county, disease can spread
quickly if response is not immediate. The cities of Lake Mary and
Sanford and unincorporated parts of Seminole County are most
vulnerable to agricultural incidents because this is the largest
area of farmland countywide.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human Moderate Impact
Increased possibility of death or injury to agriculture diseases
and risk to contaminated food crops.
Property Low impact to critical infrastructure and property resulting in
physical losses.
Historically this hazard has more of an impact on crops.
Exotic pests can become a nuisance to property owners in all
jurisdictions in Seminole County.
Environment
Hazard can have broader negative impacts to local ecosystems
such as habitat loss and biodiversity degradation, specifically in
the unincorporated areas of Geneva and Chuluota.
The 2018 National Climate Assessment reports that with a
changing climate, the risk associated with disease -causing agents
and parasites is expected to increase and that the risk of
environmental impacts may increase over time.
Economic
Moderate Impact
The community may experience a moderate economic loss,
primarily for the farming and agriculture industry, as a result of a
pest or disease outbreak.
Program Operations
The County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan
(CEMP) covers basic response and recovery capabilities for
exotic pests and diseases that are agriculturally based.
Responders
Depending on the nature of the pest or disease, responders may
require certain protective equipment and tools.
COOP
An agriculture incident would have minimal impacts on COOP
Plan because this hazard would not disrupt normal procedures.
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Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Property/ Facilities/ There would likely be little impact to critical infrastructure, but
Infrastructure privately owned farmland, in unincorporated Seminole County
and in the cities of Oviedo, Sanford, and Winter Springs; has the
potential to be devastated.
Public Confidence in the Public confidence would depend on how satisfied those
Jurisdiction's Governance impacted are with the local response.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Types of mitigation projects in the county include:
• Collection and destruction of infected plant species
• Diversification of agricultural landscaping
• Fertilizer reduction / ordinance
• Inspection and sampling species
• Introduction of higher trophic level species
• Invasive plant species reduction
• Larvicide, adulticide, aerial spray
• Prescribed burning
• Public education / outreach
• Sanitation with chemical control
Plans Mosquito Control Procedures
Rabies Procedures
Florida Department of Agriculture — Statewide Citrus Canker and Citrus Greening Map (2017):
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Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Total Crops in Seminole County (2017):
Crop
Acres
Vegetables
(harvested for sale)
26
https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full
Report/Volume
1, Chapter 2 County Level/Florida/st12 2 0001 0001.pdf
Citrus (commercial
acres)
319
https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics
by State/Florida/Publications/Annual St
atistical Bulletin/2018/Blthrul3Cit-2018.pdf
Orchards
664
https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full
Report/Volume
1, Chapter 2 County Level/Florida/st12 2 0001 0001.pdf
Nurseries (stock
crops)
127
https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Online
Resources/Co
unty Profiles/Florida/cp12ll7.pdf
Pastureland
25,272
https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/FuII
Report/Volume
1 Chapter 2 County Level/Florida/st12 2 0008 0008.pdf
15
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Civil Disorder
Probability of Occurrence 6-10 Years
Risk 32%
Relative Risk Medium
Description Events of civil disorder are classified as armed violence, riots,
protests, and threats against military or the government. The
proper planning and prevention methods aid in the mitigation of
civil disorder events. For threats of civil disorder utilizing armed
violence, it is likely that a joint jurisdictional management of
operations will take effect, coordinated at the county level
between the Sheriff's Office, Florida Department of Law
Enforcement (FDLE), and the Office of Emergency Management.
Location Not specific to any geographic areas of Seminole County
Significant Occurrences (2012): February 26 — Shooting of 17 year old, Trayvon Martin in
Sanford. There were public protests, school walk outs, and
thousands of planned rallies across the nation. The Seminole
County EOC provided support for seven weeks in the trial phase
of the event.
While spatial extent of the hazard would be 25% or less, civil
disorder could have county -wide effects.
Overall Vulnerability The overall vulnerability of civil disorder in Seminole County is
low. While moderate human impact is possible, civil disorder can
spread quickly and disrupt the public's confidence in the
jurisdictions' governance. Although the only major past
occurrence of civil unrest was in the City of Sanford, all
jurisdictions of Seminole County are vulnerable to civil disorder
and its effects.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human Moderate Impact because the hazard is human in nature;
tension between the public, law enforcement, judicial system,
and media would be heightened.
Disorder can also lead to violent acts potentially impacting the
local population.
Property Moderate Impact —there would be little impact in general, but
protests and riots have the potential to cause localized
16
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
problems.
Environment Very little to no impact on the environment.
Economic Moderate Impact — Depending on the population involved,
strikes, protests, and riots could have negative impacts to
economic prosperity including employees missing work.
Program Operations A joint jurisdictional management of operations will likely take
effect, coordinated at the County level between the Sheriff's
Office, Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE), and the
Office of Emergency Management.
Responders Those in Law Enforcement may need additional protective
equipment when responding to potentially violent incidents of
disorder. There may be possible increases in crime rate.
COOP There could be some impact to COOP Plan as civil unrest could
lead to disruption in operations in affected areas.
Property/ Facilities/ Moderate impact to property, facilities, and infrastructure is
Infrastructure possible caused from riots or malicious attempts to disrupt local
infrastructure.
Public Confidence in the Public confidence may be a significant factor in the case of civil
Jurisdiction's Governance disorder. Public messaging will need to stay consistent
throughout the event.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Types of Civil Disorder mitigation projects in the county include:
• Designation of peaceful protest areas
• Intelligence / threat assessment for special events
• Metal detector/hand held metal detector to critical facilities
• Mobile field force training and exercise Security system/video
surveillance for critical facilities
• Permitting for special events
• Public education / outreach
• Tracking and incident planning for special events
Plans CEMP — Civil Unrest Operational Plan
17
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Critical Infrastructure Disruption
(Communication, Power, Utilities)
Probability of Occurrence 1-5 Years
Risk 71%
Relative Risk High
Description Numerous facilities in Seminole County are classified as critical
infrastructure. Disruption of these facilities could severely
impact the economic and social wellbeing of the citizens and
patrons of Seminole County. The Office of Emergency
Management maintains a listing of the critical infrastructures,
protected by Florida Statute 119, for Department of Homeland
Security 16 critical infrastructure sectors whose assets, systems,
and networks, whether physical or virtual, are considered so
vital to the United States that their incapacitation or destruction
would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic
security, national public health or safety, or any combination
thereof. Presidential Policy Directive 21 (PPD-21): Critical
Infrastructure Security and Resilience advances a national policy
to strengthen and maintain secure, functioning, and resilient
critical infrastructure.
An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a high -frequency burst of
electromagnetic energy caused by the rapid acceleration of
changed particles. An EMP event can occur naturally from a
great geomagnetic storm, or it can be man-made through the
use of a single, crude nuclear weapon delivered by a primitive
missile, and the effects would be virtually identical. A
catastrophic EMP would cause the collapse of critical
infrastructure such as the power grid, telecommunications,
transportation, banking, finance, food, and water systems.
Location All of Seminole County
Significant Occurrences Occurs fairly frequently mainly due to severe weather or in
extreme cases tropical cyclones. Strong thunderstorms in the
summer and storms associated with passing fronts or low
pressure systems occur every year.
(1989): In March, a geomagnetic storm struck the Earth, causing
widespread electrical and hydro system disruptions throughout
Quebec, Canada. These disruptions lasted as long as nine hours.
(2003): In November, ionizing radiation from a solar flare hit
Earth's atmosphere causing severe radio blackout throughout
18
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
North America.
Spatial Extent - Impacts from a disruption could impact more
than 50% of the county, but may have county -wide effects.
Overall Vulnerability The overall vulnerability of Seminole County and its jurisdictions
to critical infrastructure disruption is high. Because CI disruption
can be caused by many different forces, it is one of the hazards
with the highest vulnerability. Severe weather, tropical cyclones,
tornadoes, and geomagnetic storms are just some examples of
harmful incidents that may cause Cl disruption. Disruption of
critical infrastructure can include communication, power, and
utilities; all of which are key components of community
functions in all jurisdictions.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human Low impact - Could cause loss of power to homes, disruption in
drinking water supply, and loss of communication to the public.
Property Low impact - various homes and businesses could lose electrical
power.
Environment Hazards such as flooding from water main breaks, pollution from
damaged or malfunctioning power plants and contamination
from sewage/solid waste pose threats to local ecosystems and
air quality.
Economic Moderate impact —this would depend on the type, scale,
duration, and severity of disruption.
Program Operations Disruption to these facilities by threat or attack will be dealt with
utilizing the Seminole County Terrorism Annex.
In other situations the responsible agency would coordinate
with emergency management.
Responders Depending on the size of the disruption, this may cause an
interruption of emergency radio traffic in the event of a
communications failure.
COOP There may be some impact to COOP Plan if communication is
disrupted. If so, alternate methods would be used to coordinate
the appropriate response.
Property/ Facilities/ Facilities near the affected areas may have to shut down.
Infrastructure Properties may have to undergo decontamination, and
infrastructure at a regional level could be severely affected if
19
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
shut down.
Public Confidence in the High confidence in jurisdictional response will be partially
Jurisdiction's Governance dependent on a timely recovery.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Types of Critical Infrastructure Disruption mitigation projects in
the county include
• Amateur Radio / Ham
• Analogue back-up systems
• Backup generator and other alternate power sources for
critical facilities
• Building codes and enforcement
• Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
• Emergency public information and warning systems
• Public education / outreach
• Retrofit of network hardware and equipment for alternate 9-
1-1 communications centers
• Security dates, barricades, and electronic surveillance
• Underground electrical and structural retrofit
Plans Continuity of Operations Plan
Points of Distribution Plan
20
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Cyber Security/Cyber Attack
Probability of Occurrence 1-5 Years
Risk 71%
Relative Risk High
Description Over the past decade, the nation as a whole has seen an
increase in cyber-attack; defined as any offensive maneuver
employed by individuals or whole organizations that target
computer information systems, infrastructure and/or networks,
by means of malicious acts to either steal, alter, or destroy a
specified target. Seminole County's Office of Emergency
Management and Seminole County's Information Services
Department strive to ensure the safety and security of the
technical infrastructure within the County. In doing so, threat
analyses are completed to note vulnerabilities in the system and
develop corrective actions to mitigate these attacks in the
Seminole County Information Security Policy. The Internet Crime
Complaint Center (IC3) has reported over $5.52 billion in
monetary value was lost in 2017 alone. To prevent this crime,
laws have been enacted, specifically, the Cybercrime Prevention
Act of 2012. The focus in the future will be to ensure that
Seminole County Information Services in partnership with
various public safety agencies conduct annual exercises and
monitor the current threat levels of cyber-attack for county
information technology infrastructure.
Location Not specific to any geographic areas of Seminole County
Significant Occurrences The nation as a whole has been affected by various cyber-
attacks, especially credit card fraud.
In 2017, the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) reported
over $5.52 billion in monetary value lost.
A cyber security threat would physically affect less than 25% of
Seminole County, but could have county -wide effects.
Overall Vulnerability The overall vulnerability of Seminole County and its jurisdictions
to cyber security threats is high. Targets include any individual,
household, business, house of worship, or government agency.
Even with protection programs and awareness campaigns, all
jurisdictions of Seminole County are highly likely to receive
cyber-attacks including malware, phishing, and other hacking.
Countywide systems and data could potentially be compromised
by cyber-attacks, which makes protecting these systems a high
21
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
priority.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human High impact- potential for physical harm to the public as a result
of cyber-attack on medical and other critical facilities.
Property Medium impact- physical damage to property is possible
through cyber-attack of critical facilities and infrastructure.
Environment Low impact- potential for impact depending on the nature of the
attack.
Economic High impact- Depending on the nature of the threat, financial
transactions and other economic processes could be heavily
impacted.
Program Operations Could have a high impact on program operations if data or vital
systems are compromised.
Responders Low impact to those responding to a cyber security threat.
COOP Low impact to COOP, depending on target of attack. This may
cause the relocation of a particular service if severe enough.
Property/ Facilities/ Information technology infrastructure could be stressed or shut
Infrastructure down, but otherwise there is a low risk to property and facilities.
Public Confidence in the Public confidence will depend on the timeliness of restoration of
Jurisdiction's Governance lost services or data.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Cyber Attack mitigation strategies include
•
Anti-phishing education
•
Back-up systems / off -site storage
•
Cyber insurance for critical infrastructures
•
Cyber response team
•
Cyber security assessments
•
Enhanced cyber security training
•
Firewalls and testing environments
•
Intelligence gathering for new cyber threats
•
Mutual aid for cyber services
•
Public education / outreach
Plans Seminole County Cyber Security Procedures
Fla
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
rank
Cyber attacks 1
Terrorist attacks 2
<, s
-Asset bubble 3
Fiscal crises 4
NO Failure of climate change adaptation 5
Source: Executive Opinion Survey 2017, World Economic Forum
What is happening in the threat landscape - The challenges of
keeping up with a perpetually evolving cyber security environment.
61 % 4k
70%
1 80%
of organizations say
?s+
dote theft and cybercrime
are the greatest threats
of security execs
are concerned about cloud
of enterprises
have difficulty finding the
to their reputation
and moblla security
security skills they need
111111111110,
Mobile mslware is affecting
Average data
jabreach in the
40�
00tools fro.
US coat
11.6M4
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45 1dofe
Source: 2015 IBM Cyber Security Intelligence Index
23
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Disease and Pandemic Outbreak
Probability of Occurrence
1-5 Years
Risk
57%
Relative Risk
Medium
Description
The Department of Health is the lead agency if an outbreak
occurs. The Florida Department of Health- Seminole County
(ESF-8 Health / Medical) has been training employees on their
duties to include epidemiology surveillance, public outreach,
distribution of pharmaceuticals, and tracking the trends of
possible outbreaks throughout the country and world. The
Department of Health has plans in place, including: the use of
the Strategic National Stockpile, how to identify the outbreak,
and how to determine the particular diseases. A Memorandum
of Understanding (MOU) has been signed with Seminole County
Government and the School Board on the use of the schools as
Points of Dispensing. These facilities would be used if a major
distribution of pharmaceuticals was required to prevent the
spread of a disease or assist persons if an outbreak has already
occurred. Previous events in Seminole County have caused the
activation of specific operational plans to respond to outbreaks
of various diseases and bacteria.
Location
All of Seminole County
Significant Occurrences
Hepatitis C: yearly cases averaging 300 patients.
Influenza: Reported every other year averaging 40 cases.
Salmonellosis: averaging over 100 reported cases per year.
(2009): H5N1 and H7N9 Avian flu reported 141 cases.
(2015): Seminole County experienced significant occurrences of
diseases such as H3N2, Influenza, Hepatitis A, Measles, and Zika.
(2019): 2,034 cases of Hepatitis A virus as of June 2019. Florida
Surgeon General declared a public health emergency in August
2019.
Spatial Extent - Depending on the severity, a disease outbreak
could affect more than 50%, and most likely the entire county.
Overall Vulnerability
Seminole County's overall vulnerability to disease and pandemic
is medium. The people of Seminole County are highly vulnerable
to the spread of disease due to the population size and
proximity to tourist hotspots with travelers from all over the
country and the world. Through training, public education, and
patient tracking, first response agencies work to reduce the
overall vulnerability to the spread of diseases. All jurisdictions in
the county are similarly vulnerable to the effects of diseases.
Impacts/ Consequences
24
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Human
High impact —
Hepatitis A — Stomach pain, nausea and vomiting, jaundice,
diarrhea, pale or clay colored stool, and can stay on surfaces up
to 30 days.
Hepatitis C - Long term effects of cirrhosis of the liver and death.
Influenza - Airborne viral spread contamination. Insignificant
rate of death, although possible for people with associated
health risks, elderly and children.
Salmonellosis - Sickness with symptoms vomiting, diarrhea and
fever. If not treated may lead to death.
Zika- fever, rash, joint pain, red eyes.
Property
Low Impact - Temporarily or permanently closing down
restaurants, grocery stores and other small businesses/food
related industries if disease is harmful enough.
Environment
Likely low impact, unless the disease affected certain animal
populations.
Economic
High Impact — May slow down business and economic activity in
an area affected by the disease due to workers missing work
(sickness), temporary business closures, hospital
resources/space usage and limited interaction between people
due to quarantine and fear of exposure.
Program Operations
The Department of Health is the lead agency in an event.
The County would make use of the Strategic National Stockpile,
and use the County's schools as a point of dispensing of
pharmaceuticals.
A hospital's capacity may be impacted depending on size and
severity of event.
Responders
Heightened stress on medical personnel and may require higher
level of personal protective equipment (PPE).
COOP
Low impact to COOP Plan, unless disease spread and affected
individuals involved in the response operations.
Property/ Facilities/
Increased stress on local hospitals with increasing patients
Infrastructure
related to disease, however there would likely be minimal
impact to physical structures.
Public Confidence in the
Seminole County's response to a disease outbreak would
Jurisdiction's Governance
determine the public's confidence in the medical and emergency
management capabilities.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation
Types of Disease and Pandemic mitigation projects in the county
include:
• Contact tracing
• Epidemiology surveillance
25
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
• Environmental hazardous waste disposal
• Isolation / quarantine methods
• Personal protective equipment & training
• Public outreach from the Health Department
• Vaccinations
• Zoonotic disease surveillance
Plans Pandemic Response Plan
Epidemiology Plan
26
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Drought and Water Shortage
Probability of Occurrence 1-5 Years
Risk 62%
Relative Risk High
Description A drought is noted as a period of unusually dry weather that
persists long enough to cause serious problems such as crop
damage and/or water supply shortages. There are four basic
approaches to measuring drought (Wilhite, 1985):
Meteorological- defined usually on the basis of the degree of
dryness (in comparison to some "normal' or average amount)
and the duration of the dry period.
Agricultural- drought to agricultural impacts, focusing on
precipitation shortages, differences between actual and
potential evapotranspiration, soil water deficits, reduced
groundwater or reservoir levels.
Hydrological- associated with the effects of periods of
precipitation (including snowfall) shortfalls on surface or
subsurface water supply (i.e., streamflow, reservoir and lake
levels, groundwater).
Socioeconomic- associated with the supply and demand of some
economic good with elements of meteorological, hydrological,
and agricultural drought.
The severity of the drought depends upon the degree of
moisture deficiency, the duration, and the size of the affected
area. In the past, most of Central Florida has suffered from
droughts to the extent that unnecessary water usage has been
curtailed by legislation. This curtailment, imposed by local
governments and the St. Johns Water Management District was
accomplished by water use restriction during designated hours
and alternate days. Many natural hazards can arise from the
effects of drought. Historically, drought in Florida has been
known to contribute to wildfires, sinkholes, and major water
shortages between the months of November -April.
One of the major bodies of water providing a water source for
much of our crops and agriculture territory in Seminole County is
the St. Johns River. During long periods of drought, a disruption
in the watering cycle can have potentially damaging effects,
including substantial crop loss in the northwestern portion of
the unincorporated county and city of Lake Mary. In addition to
the crop loss and livestock reductions, drought in Seminole
PAl
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
County is associated with an increase in wildfire threat which in
turn, places both human and wildlife populations at a higher
risk.
Extent Between DO — Abnormally Dry and D4 — Exceptional Drought
(Drought Severity Classification)
Location All of Seminole County could be affected by drought
Significant Occurrences (2012): The 2 month period of April and May of 2012, reached
highest level of drought with portions of the state under a D-4
Drought Exceptional condition.
(2015): During early July through September 2015, D-3
conditions were reported.
(2017): May 2017, a major portion of the state displayed D-3
conditions.
(2018): March 2018, Seminole County was under a burn ban due
to dry conditions.
(2019): June 2019, Seminole was under a burn ban for one week
due to dry conditions and increased fire risk.
Spatial Extent - A drought would affect more than 50%, and
most likely the entire county.
Overall Vulnerability Overall vulnerability to drought or water shortage in Seminole
County and its jurisdictions is high. During the dry months of the
year, drought can cause serious consequences and have
compounding effects. Tactics such as water usage restrictions
are implemented to save water. Drought or water shortage
would have a similar level of vulnerability in all jurisdictions of
Seminole County.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human Moderate Impact- may require water use restrictions, which
could cause stress to agricultural production.
Increase in heat -related illness including dehydration.
Vulnerable populations (infants, children, elderly, and pets) may
require more attention within all jurisdictions of Seminole
County.
Property Low Impact- Heat -sensitive components may be compromised.
Environment Low Impact- A reduction in ground water supplies creates a
situation conducive to sinkholes, most commonly in the east and
west unincorporated county areas, and the cities of Altamonte
Springs and Oviedo; however, effects can be felt in any
F
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
jurisdiction.
Non -domesticated animals will be directly impacted, flora may
die off, increased fire risk as well as likelihood of soil quality
degradation.
The Local Mitigation Strategy recognizes that with a changing
climate, there is the potential for an increasing risk of
environmental impacts from drought and water shortages and
that future mitigation and adaptation strategies related to this
hazard should be considered.
Economic Moderate Impact- Agribusiness, public utilities, and other
industries reliant upon water for production or services.
Program Operations Prolonged drought periods may require suspension of services.
Responders Prolonged exposure to severe conditions, overexertion required
by job will increase risk of heat -related illness.
COOP Low impact to COOP Plan from a drought or water shortage
incident because no major disruptions are associated with it.
Property/ Facilities/ Low impact -Heat-sensitive components may be compromised.
Infrastructure
Public Confidence in the The response of various utilities, water resource managers, and
Jurisdiction's Governance emergency management would be subject to the public's
approval.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Types of Drought and Water Shortage mitigation efforts include:
• Improvement in the social awareness of droughts, their
effects and countermeasures
• Increasing soil water retention and its availability for
plants
• Landscaping and plan selection for irrigation reduction
• Landscape water usage restrictions
• Modification of the technology of water use on farms, in
fields, in catchments
• Public Education / outreach
• Rain barrels for landscaping / rain water harvesting
Plans Environmental Water Usage Procedures
Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Prescribed Burn Standard Operating Procedures
29
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Figure below shows scale of severity for Droughts based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI):
Category
Description
SPI
DO
Abnormally dry
—0.5 to —0.7
D1
Moderate drought
—0.8 to —1.2
D2
Severe drought
—1.3 to —1.5
D3
Extreme drought
—1.6 to —1.9
D4
Exceptional drought
<-2.0
Note: Source: U.S. Drought Monitor [441.
30
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Earthquakes
Probability of Occurrence 10+ Years
Risk
16%
Relative Risk Low
Description An earthquake is a sudden movement of the Earth's lithosphere
(its crust and upper mantle). Earthquakes are caused by the
release of built-up stress within rocks along geologic faults or by
the movement of magma in volcanic areas. They are usually
followed by aftershocks. There are no fault lines in Seminole
County, but effects of off -shore impacts could be felt if the
earthquake was strong enough.
Extent 0.0 Not Felt to 5.9 Moderate (Richter Scale)
Location Not specific to any geographic areas of Seminole County
Significant Occurrences Earthquakes have not had a major impact in Florida. Notable
occurrences include:
(1879): January — St. Augustine
(1880): January — Cuba and Key West
(2006): September 10, 2006 — rare 5.9 magnitude earthquake
occurred in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, and produced weak to
light shaking across much of Florida, including Seminole County.
There were no reported damages in Seminole County.
(2014): January — Cuba and Key West
Other minor occurrences are recorded with very limited
damage.
Spatial Extent - An earthquake would be localized and affect less
than 25% of the county.
Overall Vulnerability The overall vulnerability of Seminole County and its jurisdictions
to earthquakes is low. While earthquakes are possible in or near
Seminole County, their likelihood is low and effects would be felt
equally throughout the county. Property damage would be one
of the greatest losses caused by earthquakes, with little
prevention activities possible for these events. All jurisdictions
are similarly vulnerable to the effects of earthquakes.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human Low Impact- Risk to health and safety from falling debris, stress
31
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
and fatigue are also possible if incident is severe enough.
Property Low Impact - earthquakes can cause damage to property,
facilities, and infrastructure but are historically rare in Seminole
County.
Environment Low Impact - localized consequences, but earthquakes are
historically rare in Seminole County.
Economic Low Impact to the overall economy of Seminole County.
Businesses would be able to reopen once a building inspection
was complete.
Program Operations If severe enough, a moderate impact to critical facilities could
occur, but earthquakes are historically rare in Seminole County.
Responders There would be a risk of falling debris and impacted
transportation routes.
COOP Low likelihood, but moderate impact to COOP Plan in an event,
and resources to continue operations may be limited (i.e.
phones, Internet).
Property/ Facilities/ Potentially high impact, but seismic events are historically rare in
Infrastructure Seminole County.
Public Confidence in the Public confidence in this hazard will be directly related to the
Jurisdiction's Governance County's overall response by local leaders and public safety
officials.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Types of Earthquake mitigation strategies in the county include:
• Anti-fracking rules / ordinances
• Hardening of infrastructure
• Structural mitigation measures to improve the capacity of a
building to resist seismic forces
Plans No Plans
The figure below shows the locations of all known earthquakes which occurred in the Florida region since 1875.
The red and purple circles lie at the epicenters (e.g., on the surface) above predominantly very shallow (0-35 km)
seismic foci. The yellow triangles are reported and/or located earthquakes that occurred on land in Florida prior to
1975. 88' Be, 84' �' 80' re'
�' -. ,w.r.r 37
Source: University of Florida Department of Geological Sciences — Earthquakes in the Gulf of Mexico
30'
28'
26'
24'
30'
28'
26'
24'
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Extreme Heat
Probability of Occurrence 1-5 Years
Risk 48%
Relative Risk Medium
Description Heat -related deaths and illness are preventable, yet annually,
many people succumb to extreme heat. According to NOAA's
National Weather Service, heat is the number one weather -
related killer in the United States. During 2017, 107 people died
nationwide as a result of extreme heat, up from 94 fatalities in
2016. This number is also above the 10-year average for heat
related fatalities, 97 (2007-2016).
The National Weather Service statistical data shows that heat
causes more fatalities per year than floods, hurricanes,
tornadoes and lightning (individually) nationwide most years and
within short-term (10-year) and long-term (30-year) averages. In
2017, nationwide mortality data revealed that most heat related
fatalities occurred to people outdoors, where 48 deaths (45%)
were reported. The next most dangerous place was indoors with
a permanent or mobile home, likely with little or no air
conditioning, where 37 deaths (35%) were reported. Extreme
heat most strongly affected adults aged 50-59, 26 (24%), and 70-
79 years old, 18 deaths (17%), as well as those aged 40-49, 13
deaths (12%). Typically, seniors are the group most affected by
heat. As is often the case, many more males, 73 (68%), than
females, 31 (29%), were killed by heat nationwide during 2017.
Temperatures that hover 9 degrees or more above the average
high temperature of 90'F for the region and last for 3 or more
consecutive days are defined as extreme heat. A major impact to
these extreme heat events includes the monitoring of heat and
drought indices for the implantation of county -wide burn bans.
Public information activities are also put in place during extreme
heat events that remind people of the risk of heat exhaustion.
Humid or muggy conditions, which add to the discomfort of high
temperatures, occur when a "dome" of high atmospheric
pressure traps hazy, damp air near the ground. Excessively dry
and hot conditions can provoke dust storms and low visibility.
Droughts occur when a long period passes without substantial
rainfall. A heat wave combined with a drought is a very
dangerous situation. The highest recorded temperature for
Seminole County was on June 1, 2004 at 101°F.
33
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Extent 3 -10 consecutive days of 99°F or higher
Location Extreme Heat would affect all of Seminole County
Significant Occurrences Summer heat indices can exceed 100 degrees. Two of the top
ten warmest temperatures recorded:
(2004): June — Reaching 101 degrees.
(2016): July — Reaching 100 degrees.
The Natural Resources Defense Council expects for the county to
have 13.8 summer days per year of extreme heat.
Spatial Extent - Extreme heat would affect more than 50%, if not
the entire county.
Overall Vulnerability Overall vulnerability to extreme heat is medium in Seminole
County and its jurisdictions. While property is unlikely to be
affected by extreme heat conditions, homeless populations are
highly vulnerable to extreme heat with approximately 2,000
homeless citizens in Seminole, Orange and Osceola counties as
of 2018. Extreme heat can also have a greater impacts on
outside workers, and elderly and infant populations. Extreme
heat would impact all of Seminole County and would have
similar vulnerability levels across all jurisdictions.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human Moderate Impact- Inside a home with little or no air
conditioning is the most dangerous place to be during extreme
heat.
Heat related illness (exhaustion, stroke, and dehydration) can
happen in any jurisdiction in Seminole County, but are more
likely especially among vulnerable populations (children, elderly,
and pets).
Property Negligible impact to property as most infrastructure is built to
withstand high temperatures seen with Central Florida's climate.
Environment Low impact- A reduction in ground water supplies create a
situation conducive to sinkholes, non -domesticated animals will
be directly impacted, and flora may die off.
The Local Mitigation Strategy recognizes that with a changing
climate, there is the potential for an increasing risk of
environmental impacts from extreme heat and that future
mitigation and adaptation strategies related to this hazard
should be considered.
34
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Economic Low impact- may stress local water supply demands.
Program Operations There would likely be minimal impacts to operations from an
extreme heat event as long as working conditions remain normal
(proper A/C, etc.).
Responders Prolonged exposure to severe conditions and overexertion
required by job will increase heat -related illness.
COOP There would likely be minimal impacts to COOP Plan and to local
government as long as working conditions remain normal
(proper A/C, etc.).
Property/ Facilities/ Negligible impact to property, facilities, and infrastructure as
Infrastructure most are built to withstand high temperatures.
Public Confidence in the The public confidence would be related to any response actions
Jurisdiction's Governance the county takes to alleviate effects from extreme heat.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Types of mitigation efforts that can be adopted include:
•
Cooling centers
•
Cool pavements
•
Cool roofs / infrastructure
•
Emergency public information / warning
•
Green infrastructure / roofing
•
HVAC / Generator rules / ordinances for healthcare facilities
•
Increased vegetation / canopy covering
•
LEED certified building / construction
•
Public education / outreach
•
Rubber chipping at playground and recreational facilities
•
Temporary shading / tenting
Plans Extreme Weather Plan Operations Annex to CEMP
Figure below shows the recorded hottest days in Seminole County, according to the National Weather Service:
Rank
Temperature
Date
1
101
6-01-2004
2
100
7-09-2016
3
100
6-14-2010
4
100
6-19-2004
5
100
5-24-1953
6
100
6-25-1952
7
100
7-06-1952
Mi
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Financial Collapse
Probability of Occurrence
10+ Years
Risk
27%
Relative Risk
Low
Description
A financial collapse is a devastating breakdown of the national,
regional, or territorial economy. The span of time these events
last could range anywhere from months to decades while the
lasting effects can be seen for a long time after. In our country,
there were two notable financial collapses known as the Great
Depression lasting from 1929 to the early 1940s and the Great
Recession lasting from December 2007 to June 2009.
Location
Any geographic area of Seminole County could be affected.
Significant Occurrences
(1929-1940s): The Great Depression
(2007-2009): Great Recession - December 2007 - June 2009
Spatial Extent- Would affect more than 50% of area - a financial
collapse would impact virtually the entire county's population.
Overall Vulnerability
The overall vulnerability of Seminole County and its jurisdictions
to financial collapse is low. Keeping county funds in reserves
helps to reduce the vulnerability of financial collapse however,
the lack of diverse employment opportunities increases the
potential losses from the collapse of one field.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human
Moderate impact on human lifestyle and living conditions due to
financial collapse.
Property
Low Impact- potential loss of houses, vehicles, etc. due to
individuals' inability to afford costs however, no physical loss to
property is noted.
Environment
There would be no direct impact to the environment, however
economic effects could indirectly affect environmental
protection projects, initiatives, etc.
Economic
High Impact- subject to the nature of the collapse, many, if not
all economic properties would be affected.
Stocks, unemployment, and the ability to loan and borrow would
all be impacted.
Program Operations
Certain operations may be slowed by an economic crisis.
Responders
There would likely be some minimal impacts to those dealing
with financial collapse; high stress, anxiety, etc.
36
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
COOP May be some impact to COOP Plan- employees needed to help
in the recovery may lose their jobs as a result of a financial
collapse.
Property/ Facilities/ Physical damage not applicable, but any repairs or new
Infrastructure construction needed may be impacted by a struggling economy.
Public Confidence in the Public's confidence would be dependent on the ability of the
Jurisdiction's Governance economy to recover in a timely manner.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Types of mitigation measures in the county include:
• Affordable workforce housing alternatives
• Community gardens / co-ops for feeding
• County reserves
• Diversifying careers / businesses
• Diversity business portfolio
• Promotion of financial insurance programs
• Public education / warning
• Public transportation / infrastructure
• Small business continuity educational programs
• Sustainable development ordinances
Plans No Plans
Figure below shows the debt held by the Public 1940-2024 (projected):
Debt Held by the Public
Percent at GoP
120%
100%
80%
•0%
40%
20%
Trillions
Actual Pr$30
otected
$25
$20
$13
$10
$5
0% $0
1940 1947 1954 1961 1968 1975 1982 1989 1996 2003 2010 2017 2024
Source: Congressional Budget Office, Office of Management and Budget O
CRFB.org
37
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Fires/Wildfires
Probability of Occurrence 1-5 Years
Risk 48%
Relative Risk Medium
Description A wildfire is an uncontrolled fire that begins in areas of
combustible vegetation, usually the countryside or a wilderness
area.
Seminole County is susceptible to wildfires throughout the year,
particularly during the months with minimal rainfall amounts.
The major cause of brush fires and forest fires is due to residents
not conforming to burning regulations in effect and not
considering the conditions as they exist (dry or windy
conditions). The Spring is the highest period for lightning -caused
fires fueled by strong spring winds and lack of rainfall during the
same period. In recent years, homes and businesses have been
threatened by encroaching wildfires.
Extent 41,636 high risk acres
Location Unincorporated areas in the eastern part of the county,
including the City of Oviedo, and western geographic areas of
Seminole County, including the cities of Longwood and
Altamonte Springs and unincorporated areas of Seminole
County, are at highest risk for wildfires. However, wildfires could
happen in any jurisdictions of the county.
Significant Occurrences (1998): Summer— 2,000 acres burned in Geneva, 12 residences
destroyed, no fatalities or injuries, about $1.1 million in losses.
(2013): February —wildfire in Wekiva State Preserve consumed
50 acres near Markham Woods, closing of nearby roadways.
(2017): March — Geneva Brush Fire surrounding 338 single family
homes and 14 mobile homes, shelter opened.
(2017): April — Level 3 activation for brush fire at Live Oak
Reserve, 150 mandatory evacuees, shelter opened.
Spatial Extent - Impact less than 25% of the area within Seminole
County, though the effects of smoke could cover a slightly larger
area.
Overall Vulnerability Overall vulnerability to fires and wildfires is medium. Wildfires
can happen quickly and cause widespread damage. With several
areas indicated as urban wildland interfaces, rural northwestern
and eastern parts of unincorporated Seminole County are more
vulnerable to wildfires.
Impacts/ Consequences
38
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Human
Moderate Impact- has potential to kill or injure people trapped
in burning buildings.
For immediate area, smoke that decreases air quality may
exacerbate respiratory problems, and those with special needs
may require more attention.
Property
Moderate Impact- Can damage or destroy buildings including
homes and businesses.
Environment
Extensive impact to wildlife and vegetation in any jurisdiction
where wildfire may occur. For example, 2,000 acres were burned
in the 1998 fire in the unincorporated area of Geneva.
The Local Mitigation Strategy recognizes that with a changing
climate, there is the potential for an increasing risk of
environmental impacts from fires/wildfires and that future
mitigation and adaptation strategies related to this hazard
should be considered.
Economic
Moderate Impact- potential impact on agricultural industry and
insurance industry.
Program Operations
If affected, operations may be relocated or suspended.
Responders
Increased exposure to smoke inhalation and high risk to health
and safety of responders.
COOP
To continue the COOP Plan, operations may be relocated or
suspended.
Property/ Facilities/
Moderate impact to transportation and utilities infrastructure,
Infrastructure
potential damage to properties.
Public Confidence in the
The public confidence level may depend upon the ability of the
Jurisdiction's Governance
county to contain and respond to the fire threat.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation
Types of wild fire mitigation projects in the county include:
• Burn bans
• Cutting fire lines / protective barriers
• Fire resistant construction in urban/wildland interface
• Fire resistant vegetation and landscaping
• Fire shelter for safety of firefighters
• Hazardous wildfire fuel reduction — removal, trimming,
cutting
• Prescribed burns
• Public education (Fire Wise community) — defensible space
• Urban/Wildland Interface Ordinances
Plans Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Prescribed Burning Standard Operating Guideline
39
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Flooding
Probability of Occurrence 1-5 Years
Risk 62%
Relative Risk High
Description Flooding is the covering of land by water that is not normally
covered by water. It occurs when an area is inundated beyond
its natural or designed ability to drain and absorb this water.
Flooding is measured through a percent annual chance, or the
frequency at which a certain flood level is likely to occur. The
elevation at which a base flood would take place has a 1%
annual chance of occurring, also known as a 100-year flood..2%
annual chance would be a 500-year flood, and areas identified as
minimal flooding have less than .2% annual chance of flooding,
or need further study. Locations in the minimal flooding areas
can still experience flooding due to heavy rainfall.
Extent Flood gages along the St. John's River and at the Little Wekiva
River indicate flood levels between Action, Minor, Moderate,
and Major flood stages. Minor flood impacts can start to occur
at Action Stage with minimal flooding to low lying areas and
parks, all the way to historic flooding in Major Stage with water
covering major roads and standing water in homes.
Location The areas most affected by heavy rains are located in the
northeastern and eastern parts of the County along the St.
John's River, Econlockhatchee River, Lake Monroe, Lake Jessup
and Lake Harney in unincorporated areas, City of Oviedo, City of
Winter Springs, and City of Sanford. Flood impacts are also seen
in the western part of the County from the Wekiva River and
Little Wekiva River in the City of Longwood and unincorporated
areas. Localized flooding can also occur anywhere in the county
due to heavy rainfall. More specific information on the flood
hazard area can be found in the Seminole County Floodplain
Management Plan, 2015.
Significant Occurrences (1924): Historic flooding event
(2004): Hurricanes — Charley, Frances, and Jeanne
(2008): Tropical Storm Fay — Localized flooding, roadway
washouts, affected over 150 homes, prompted Presidential
Disaster Declaration.
(2017): Hurricane Irma — major flooding event
(2018): St. John's River action stage in summer of 2018 —
sandbag operations in localized areas
Spatial Extent - Flooding could impact between 25%-50% of the
40
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
county's area, potentially greater in rare events.
Overall Vulnerability The overall vulnerability to floods in Seminole County and its
jurisdictions is high. With several large bodies of water in the
county and municipalities including Lake Jesup, Lake Monroe,
Lake Harney, and the St. John's River; our community is very
vulnerable to flooding. Enforcing floodway restrictions and
building codes reduce vulnerability however, with heavy rains
caused by severe weather and tropical cyclones, flooding is
possible in any jurisdiction of the county.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human
Moderate Impact- risk of loss of life and injury, displacement,
and increased distress.
May affect drinking water; can increase risks to health.
Property
High Impact- Utility outages, transportation infrastructure
closures, and varying levels of damage to structures in low-lying
areas. Impacts will be greatest along the St. Johns River and in
unincorporated Seminole County and the cities of Sanford and
Winter Springs, but can occur in any jurisdiction.
Environment
Increased risk of exposure to hazardous materials.
Displacement of wildlife may increase public health and safety
issues, and potential increased arboviral vectors such as disease -
carrying mosquitos. These can occur in any jurisdiction, but will
be most likely in areas of flooding where water is standing.
The Local Mitigation Strategy recognizes that with a changing
climate, there is the potential for an increasing risk of
environmental impacts from flooding and that future mitigation
and adaptation strategies related to this hazard should be
considered.
Economic
Moderate Impact- dependent on severity of flooding, and high
impact on insurance industry.
Program Operations
Operations may be affected or interrupted by flooding.
Responders
Risk to life and safety while responding to populations affected
by flooding.
COOP
Potential impact to COOP Plan - staffing difficulties are possible
(personnel unable to drive to work or attending to own family).
Property/ Facilities/
High Impact- Utility outages, transportation infrastructure
Infrastructure
closures, and varying levels of damage to structures in low-lying
areas.
Public Confidence in the
Confidence will be shaped by the response of emergency
Jurisdiction's Governance
management in mitigating, preparing, and responding to a
flooding event.
41
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Types of flooding mitigation projects in the county include:
• Clear waterways of obstructions
• Demolition of Severe Repetitive Loss properties
• Design and reconstruction of improved drainage system
• Designated natural lands
• Elevation of structures above Base Flood Elevation
• Floodplain and stream restoration
• Floodplain ordinances
• Installation of storm water flood control measures to prevent
flooding and related damage
• Low impact development
• Promoting flood insurance
• Public Information / outreach
• Sandbaggers / sandbag jigs
• Storm water system for bodies of water
• Structure modifications to commercial buildings
• Water retention, green space preservation, green
infrastructure
Plans Storm Water Clearing Operations Plan
Flood Response Plan
Sandbag Operations Plan
Floodplain Management Plan
42
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Figure below shows the highest crest at Lake Harney, the mouth of the St. Johns River according to the Southeast
River Forecast Center:
11.09
08/28/2008
10.62
10/13/1953
10.57
09/19/2017
10.10
10/01/1924
10.07
10/02/2004
9.50
09/12/2004
9.45
11/21/1994
8.83
03/01/1998
8.71
10/24/1995
8.61
09/21/2001
43
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Hazardous Materials
(Fixed Site and Transportation)
Probability of Occurrence
1-5 Years
Risk
43%
Relative Risk
Medium
Description
There are numerous hazardous materials facilities and plants
throughout Seminole County. A majority of these facilities are
water treatment facilities and some construction and building
facilities. In addition, there are hazardous materials located in
minor quantities at schools, hospitals, and some of the
telecommunication facilities throughout Seminole County.
Seminole County has an aggressive hazardous materials
inspection and cataloging program. The information collected
from the facilities is placed into a State-wide system for easy
access by emergency responders. The Emergency Operations
Center monitors planning and training activities, spills, chemical
releases, and hazardous materials events.
Seminole County would not be directly affected by a coastal oil
spill; therefore, an assessment is excluded. However, the
County could feel the effects from a spill during an incident
affecting the Florida Power and Light facility on the St. John's
River in Volusia County at Highway 17-92 near the bridge.
Location North, Central and West geographic areas of Seminole County
Significant Occurrences No major incidents to report, though potential exists with CSX
railroads, as well as Interstate 4 and SR 417 which are used to
transport hazardous materials.
Spatial Extent —Any hazardous material accident would have
very localized impacts, and would account for less than 25% of
the county's geographic area.
Overall Vulnerability Overall vulnerability of hazardous materials incidents is medium
in Seminole County and its jurisdictions. While the spatial extent
of these incidents would likely be low, the impacts to humans
could be substantial. Having busy interstates and active railways
leaves the county vulnerable to hazardous materials leaks.
Having major bodies of water such as Lake Jesup, Lake Monroe,
and the St. Johns River also leaves room for vulnerability
because some hazardous materials may be spread through the
waterways.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human High Impact- depending on the hazardous material, there may
44
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
be ranging impacts to human health and safety; may require
shelter -in -place.
Property
Low Impact- the property affected by a spill could have varying
impacts depending on the type and scale of the disaster.
Environment
High impact to areas of highest concentration; may require
specialized clean up.
Economic
Low Impact to financial community of impacted area.
Program Operations
Low impact to operations, unless rare event requiring relocation
of program operations.
Responders
Protective actions required for responders such as proper PPE,
depending on the hazardous materials.
COOP
Low impact- Unless directly impacted operations center, this
hazard poses very little threat to COOP Plan.
Property/ Facilities/
Most likely low impact, but depending on nature and severity of
Infrastructure
event, there could be a larger risk to infrastructure, etc.
Public Confidence in the
The public's confidence would be related to the ability of the
Jurisdiction's Governance
county to respond appropriately and contain the situation.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Mitigation projects for hazardous materials include:
• Air monitoring equipment
• Containment equipment / logistics
• Convert gas chlorination system to liquid chlorine system
• Develop proactive hazardous materials response plan
• Emergency Public Information and Warning
• Hazardous Materials storage ordinance
• Hazardous Materials team training and exercises
• Public Education / outreach
Plans Hazardous Materials Standard Operating Guidelines
Figure below shows the Hazardous Materials Sites in Seminole County (June, 2019 Source: GIS Division):
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
SEMNOIE COUNTY, FLORIDA
Sa•.0 ,iWnn,�
I SP- • •�
i
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Mass Gatherings/ Planned Events
Probability of Occurrence
1-5 Years
Risk
38%
Relative Risk
Medium
Description
There are numerous special events in Seminole County that
bring over 10,000 persons together in one venue. Of these, the
largest event is the annual "Red Hot and Boom" celebration in
the City of Altamonte Springs. This event draws more than
150,000 people to enjoy the Independence Day celebration. In
addition to "Red Hot and Boom", the City of Sanford's Fort
Mellon Independence Day Celebration, Winter Springs, and
Oviedo events have significant numbers of people on July 4th.
Other special events are normally located in the various parks
and recreational centers throughout Seminole County. The
largest of the non -government sponsored events is the Scottish
Highland Games Festival. Thousands of people come to
Seminole County to visit the parks during these events.
Location
No particular geographic area of Seminole County
Significant Occurrences
"Red, Hot, and Boom" 4th of July Celebration in Altamonte
Springs brings over 150,000 people.
City of Sanford's Fort Mellon, Winter Springs and Oviedo
fireworks together equal roughly 150,000.
The Scottish Highland Games is the second largest event in
Seminole County with over 20,000 attending each of the three
days.
The ECNL Boys and Girls Soccer League Tournament in
December brings in over 100 teams from around the Nation.
Spatial Extent - These events are localized and would affect less
than 25% of the county
Overall Vulnerability
The overall vulnerability of mass gatherings or planned events is
medium. Even with specialized equipment, teams and training
for these type of events, mass gatherings continue to be
vulnerable targets. First responders work to reduce the
vulnerability of large events by implementing security
checkpoints, vehicle barricades and other safety measures.
Buildings, infrastructure, and systems within Seminole County
are not very vulnerable to violent acts. Although large events
take place in all jurisdictions of Seminole County, the cities of
Altamonte Springs and Sanford may be more vulnerable to
attacks due to their large number of outside public events.
Impacts/ Consequences
46
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Human
Moderate Impact- With large amounts of people, general
injuries are more likely, civil disturbances more likely, increased
traffic and accident risk.
Property
Negligible impact- Influx of people may overtax local resources if
not prepared however, no impact to the physical property is
expected.
Environment
Negligible impact -this human -caused hazard would likely not
have an impact on local environment.
Economic
Low Impact- increased demand of local resources, food, water,
etc.
Program Operations
If gathering near center of operations, large gatherings could
lead to disruption in operations in affected areas.
Responders
May experience increased calls of service, potentially dealing
with heavy traffic and slowing response time.
COOP
If gathering near center of operations, large gatherings could
lead to disruption to the COOP in affected areas.
Property/ Facilities/
Influx of people may overtax local facilities, roads, and
Infrastructure
resources, if not prepared.
Public Confidence in the
How the County responds with security and response to any
Jurisdiction's Governance
emergency may determine the public's confidence.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Mitigation
projects for mass gatherings include:
•
Air monitoring equipment
•
CCTV / Mesh Camera networks
•
Drone detection equipment / technology
•
Electronic signage / Variable message boards
•
Incident Action Plan training
•
Metal detector / check points
•
Public Education / outreach
•
Radiological detectors
•
Special event ordinance / rules
•
Vehicle barricades for high populated areas
Plans Permitting Procedures
Fusion Center Threat Assessment Bulletin
Incident Action Plans
47
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Mass Migration/ Repatriation
Probability of Occurrence
10+ Years
Risk
10%
Relative Risk
Low
Description
Pockets of migrant workers in Seminole County remain very low.
These workers are drawn from the local work force and
migrants, if any, are transported into the area on a daily basis to
work in the farmlands of Seminole County.
Location
No particular geographic areas in Seminole County.
Significant Occurrences
(2010): January —Operation Haiti Relief after an earthquake
brought displaced and some injured people through Orlando
Sanford International Airport.
(2017): Hurricane Maria — mass migration of evacuees from the
island of Puerto Rico to the Central Florida area after the
hurricane. Over 250 families resettled in Seminole County and
over 6,500 in Central Florida.
Spatial Extent - this hazard would affect less than 25% of the
geographical area
Overall Vulnerability
The overall vulnerability of mass migration and repatriation in
Seminole County and its jurisdictions is low. While lack of
housing and community resources could be a concern with mass
migration, due to the low probability and lack of physical
impacts, Seminole County is not very vulnerable to this hazard.
While it's possible people migrating the county may choose a
more urban area to move to, each jurisdictions is equally
vulnerable to this possibility.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human
Low Impact- Possible increases in crime rate, civil disturbances
may increase.
Property
Negligible Impact- mass migration would have little to no impact
on physical property.
Environment
Low Impact- Massive increase in population could strain the
environment.
Economic
Low impact- increase demands of deliverable goods and
increased crime in affected areas could affect local economy.
Program Operations
Increased population could lead to civil unrest which may affect
operations.
Responders
Could be increased calls to service and need for additional
personnel to handle influx of population.
48
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
COOP Civil unrest could lead to disruption to COOP Plan in affected
areas.
Property/ Facilities/ Depending on type and scale of event, some local facilities and
Infrastructure infrastructure could be stressed or overtaxed.
Public Confidence in the The coordination of services provided and assimilation of
Jurisdiction's Governance migrants may affect confidence of the public.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Potential mitigation projects include:
• Affordable workforce housing
• Diverse employment / career development
• Homeless sheltering — expansion / services
• Public Education / outreach
• Sheltering mitigation / retrofit
Plans Repatriation Annex to CEMP
Figure below shows migration estimates inside the United States:
By the end of this century, 86%
of areas with an urban center of
tEan[e
to,000 plus people are projected
to be affected in some way by
250,000 people
net migration caused by sea -
could leave the San
Boylan
level rise
h anc.sco, Oakland,
and Hayward areas
New V06
San FranciscoDenve
Chicago
—
tes:as could see
Atlanta, Sandy
Ilk
Lo
1,e4rly1.5m
addition at
Spimgsand
Nosae74'sAp
S
residents under
this scenano
population could
yrow 32D,000 -
4
2.5W
Figure below shows the
`1 1W Atlanta
Florida re„dew—z
increase in Cuban
proRcted to migrate away
Fran the Mianu. Fort
migration, primarily to
tl" ramps. Ar` —..�
areaLauudale,West Palm Beach
area under the 1.8m sea
Florida:tNmM
levels use scenario
6uard*n graphic Source Nature
ctlmate change,
Mathew E. Hauer
Number of Cubans entering the U.S. on the rise
1'umber of Cubans entering the !'.5., by
^scaI year
GSst
10 -W,' I
'05 _=9 '10 '11 '12 '13 14 'L5 '16
49
Note F-1yeams-tartin October. Only i ncluoes entrresat Ports ofentry.
Source: U.S. Customsand Border Protection and U.S. Department of Homelund Security,
Yeasrbcokoftmmi_prabon Sransr,l ,
PEW RESEARCH CENTER
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Severe Weather
(Hail, Lightning, Micro -Bursts, Thunderstorms)
Probability of Occurrence
1-5 Years
Risk
57%
Relative Risk
Medium
Description
Severe weather is defined as any meteorological event that
poses a risk to life, property, social disruption, and/or requires
the intervention of authorities.
Hail: Hail is a form of solid precipitation consisting of balls or
irregular lumps of ice .5 millimeters or larger that form during
certain thunderstorm conditions.
Hail Extent: 2.5in -tennis ball (NOAA Hail Conversions) (National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
Lightning: Lightning is the electrostatic discharge of atmospheric
electricity, characterized by flashes that can travel within a
thundercloud, between clouds, or from a cloud to the surface of
the earth; lightning is usually accompanied by audible thunder.
Lightning Extent: 17+ flashes/sq km/yr (Cloud to Ground flash
Density) (NWS, 2019)
Micro -burst: A micro -burst is a violent, short-lived, localized
column of sinking air caused by an intense downdraft, creating
extreme wind shears at lower altitudes; usually associated with
thunderstorms. A micro -burst can present wind gust/bursts
between 50-70mph but can reach as high at 115mph.
Micro -burst Extent: 90mph wind gusts
Thunderstorms: Thunderstorms are formed by the convection
behavior of unstable air mass layers, which result in the
meteorological effects of wind, heavy rainfall, lightning and
thunder, and sometimes hail.
Extent
Hail: Small hail up to 2.5" —Tennis ball (NOAA Hail Conversions)
Lightning: Direct strike, 2 fatalities, 25 injuries
Micro -burst: Up to 90mph wind gusts
Thunderstorms: Tornadoes (EF1- EF3), Flooding Rain (15" in
24hrs, 18.5" in 48hrs, 20.2" in 72hrs)
Location
Severe weather may take place in any geographic region of
Seminole County.
Significant Occurrences
(1992): March 6 — A severe thunderstorm moved southeast
across southwestern Seminole County producing hail the size of
50
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
golf balls, damages around $300,000.
(2011): March 30-31— Winter Park storms caused widespread
power outages, fallen trees, road flooding, and damage to
homes.
(2013): July 27 — Micro -burst near Sanford Airport- one slightly
damaged building, carts blown across property.
(2018): October 8 — Severe wind and thunderstorms caused boat
to capsize on Lake Monroe carrying two men, one deceased and
the other sent to hospital.
Spatial Extent — This hazard could impact greater than 50% of
the county and in extreme cases cause county -wide effects.
Overall Vulnerability Vulnerability to severe weather is medium due to its frequency
in nature combined with our ability to monitor and predict when
severe weather will impact Seminole County and its
jurisdictions. While severe weather can have damaging effects
on people and property, widespread awareness and lead time
before storms reduces our overall vulnerability to its effects.
Vulnerability to severe weather is consistent throughout all
jurisdictions.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human Moderate Impact- Potential for minimal loss of life and injuries,
and would likely impact all jurisdictions within Seminole County.
May require shelter operations, potential impact on mental and
physical health.
Property Moderate Impact- can cause utility outages and potentially
major damage to buildings from wind, fires caused by lightning,
and potential threat to aviation property.
Environment Low Impact- environmental tolerances can be overwhelmed by
hazards associated with severe weather.
Debris and hazardous materials could be released into the
environment.
The Local Mitigation Strategy recognizes that with a changing
climate, there is the potential for an increasing risk of
environmental impacts from severe weather and that future
mitigation and adaptation strategies related to this hazard
should be considered.
Economic Low Impact- depending on type of hazard and specific event,
there could be damage to certain buildings, etc.
Program Operations Dangerous weather conditions may cause difficulty in
responders' ability to travel.
Loss of power may impact system operations and or
communications.
51
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Responders
Protective actions required, PPE required for safety in
addressing downed utility lines, hazardous materials, and debris.
Status of responder's family may affect responder's ability to
perform his/her duties.
COOP
Some impact to COOP- Only in extreme situations of damage
would relocation be necessary; communication and utilities may
be impacted.
Property/ Facilities/
Possible utility outages and transportation infrastructure
Infrastructure
closures; damage to property and buildings in general is possible
in all jurisdictions within Seminole County.
Public Confidence in the
Residents affected by severe weather can look to local first
Jurisdiction's Governance
responders and insurance companies to assist with damages.
OEM responds to all reported severe weather events and
coordinates messaging with the National Weather Service to
alert residents of pending severe weather.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Mitigation projects for severe weather include:
• Lightning Detection Warning System
• Public Education / outreach
• Public Information and Warning
• Strengthen critical infrastructures / retrofit
• SkyWarn certification
• Wind retrofit / protection
Plans Emergency Alert and Warning Systems Operations Annex to the
CEMP
Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (CEMP)
Figure below shows number of lightning strikes in United States (by County):
Source: Vaisala 2018 Annual Lightning Report
National Li
average 1
�VAISA
52
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Sinkholes/ Land Subsidence
Probability of Occurrence 1-5 Years
Risk 43%
Relative Risk Medium
Description A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground brought about
by one of the various forms of erosion beneath the earth,
causing a collapse of the surface layer.
Seminole County is susceptible to sinkhole and subsidence
conditions because it is underlain by thick carbonate deposits
that are susceptible to dissolution by circulating ground water.
Florida's principal source of freshwater, ground water, moves
into and out of storage in the carbonate aquifers — some of the
most productive in the nation. Development of these ground
water resources for municipal, industrial and agricultural water
supplies creates regional ground water level declines that play a
role in accelerating sinkhole formation, thereby increasing
susceptibility of the aquifers to contamination from surface
water drainage. Such interactions between surface -water and
ground -water resources in Florida play a critical and complex
role in the long-term management of water resources and
ecosystems of Florida's wetlands. These conditions are
monitored, but if the occurrence occurs on private property, it is
the citizen's responsibility to repair the damage. If the condition
exists on public property, the designated public works
department will take control of the situation.
Extent Average size: 3-4 ft. wide and 4-5 ft. deep. Could be up to 30 ft.
deep in extreme cases.
Location Sinkholes could occur in any area of Seminole County, but would
be small in impact area.
Significant Occurrences 130 sinkholes/land subsidence in the county since 1962. They
are a common, naturally occurring geological phenomenon.
(2002): 50 foot wide and 30 foot deep sinkhole opened up in
Sanford destroying a barn and swallowing two horses. Much of
the damaged was caused by ground water filling the hole
rapidly. No damage was reported to the residential structure of
the home.
(2012): In December, a 25 foot deep sinkhole in Lake Mary
threatened a home causing the homeowners to evacuate. The
City of Lake Mary deemed the home unsafe, however, the
repairs to the home were covered by the homeowner's
insurance with the claim totaling over $300,000. Major repairs
noted were to major cracks in the structure.
53
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
(2014): In February, a 6 foot deep, and 5 foot wide hole on the
Rock Lake Middle School in Longwood opened up causing no
structural damage. Physical education classes were cancelled
due to its location but the school operations were not impacted.
Since then, the hole was filled with dirt and a fence erected
around it to prevent further damage.
(2015): In January, a land subsidence event occurred in Geneva
in which firefighters rescued a dog who was 75% trapped in the
hole. There was no official confirmation if the depression was
actually a sinkhole, however, the dog was rescued and
administered oxygen. The dog was transported to a local animal
hospital and made a full recovery.
(2016): In July, a sinkhole was reported by the Department of
Environmental Protection in the City of Oviedo. The sinkhole was
4 feet deep and 7 feet in length. The location consists mainly of
in cohesive and permeable sand.
(2017): In mid -January of 2017, Seminole County Fire
Department responded to a sink hole in Longwood. The sink
hole was 3 feet deep with a 4 inch width and a circular shape.
Spatial Extent- localized incidents that affect less than 25% of
the total land mass of the county.
Overall Vulnerability The overall vulnerability to sinkholes in Seminole County is
medium. While sinkholes generally affect a small area of land or
property, they can happen within any jurisdiction of the county
and with no notice. With little to no prevention activities
available, it is difficult to reduce the vulnerability of sinkholes.
While sinkholes are more common in the western part of the
county in Altamonte Springs and Longwood, all jurisdictions are
vulnerable.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human Low impact to the public outside of the immediate area.
Risk to contaminated drinking water is possible when sinkhole
encroaches on aquifer.
Property Low impact overall, isolated to home or businesses affected;
could be costly to repair.
Environment Moderate impact to the environment; sinkholes can affect the
environment by threatening water supplies by draining water
from streams, lakes, and wetlands directly into the aquifer; this
could affect wildlife habitats.
The Local Mitigation Strategy recognizes that with a changing
climate, there is the potential for an increasing risk of
environmental impacts from sinkholes/land subsidence and that
54
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
future mitigation and adaptation strategies related to this
hazard should be considered.
Economic
Low impact to the overall local economy; a localized sinkhole or
land subsidence event would have a very limited impact on
services.
Program Operations
There would be minimal impact to program operations due to
the isolated nature of sinkholes.
Responders
Low impact to responders due isolated nature of sinkholes.
COOP
There would be minimal impact to COOP due to the isolated
nature of sinkholes.
Property/ Facilities/
Isolated sinkholes could impact critical facilities, transportation
Infrastructure
infrastructure, and private property.
Sinkholes/ land subsidence events can affect the infrastructure
by draining unfiltered water from streams, lakes and protected
wetlands into the aquifer. These impacts can be felt in any of the
jurisdictions of Seminole County, but are most common in the
western unincorporated areas, and the cities of Longwood and
Altamonte Springs.
Public Confidence in the
Residents affected by sinkholes may look to first responders and
Jurisdiction's Governance
insurance companies for assistance. OEM may respond to
reported sinkholes/land subsidence events to perform a site
survey and take photos for documentation.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Mitigation projects for sinkholes include:
• Promote insurance to include sinkhole coverage
• Public Education / outreach
• Subsidence -proof construction design
Plans Sinkhole Land Subsidence Response Operations Annex to CEMP
Figure below from Florida Department of Environmental Protection — Subsidence Incident Report Map, 2018:
55
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Terrorism
(Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosive)
Probability of Occurrence 6-10 Years
Risk 41%
Relative Risk Medium
Description State and local governments have primary responsibility in
planning for and managing the consequences of a terrorist
incident using available resources in the critical hours before
Federal assistance can arrive. The terrorist threat may represent
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosive (CBRNE)
hazards, and/or other threats or a combination of several
hazards. The initial detection of a Weapons of Mass Destruction
(WMD) attack will likely occur at the local level by either first
responders or private entities (e.g., hospitals, corporations, etc.).
The detection of a terrorist incident involving covert biological
agents will most likely occur through the recognition of similar
symptoms or syndromes by clinical in -hospital or clinical
settings. It is incumbent upon all county and municipal
responders to be as well trained as possible in WMD response.
The intricacies of an effective response demand the utmost
cooperation among all responders, Federal, State, County and
municipalities.
Terrorism is a serious issue in Florida. Terrorism increases the
likelihood of mass casualty and mass evacuation from a target
area. For threats of armed violence, it is likely that joint
jurisdictional management of the operation will take effect and
will be coordinated at the county level between the Sheriff,
fire/rescue, the Department of Health and FDLE. There are
seven regional coordination teams throughout the State of
Florida, called Regional Domestic Security Task Force (RDSTF).
These consortiums evaluate vulnerabilities to the community
and provide strategic plans for strengthening the homeland. In
addition to the RDSTF, the Central Florida area is listed as an
Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI). In 2003, the U.S.
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created the Urban
Areas Security Initiative (UASI) Grant Program to support the
planning, equipment, training and exercise needs of high -threat,
and high -density urban areas around the country.
Location No particular geographic area in Seminole County.
Significant Occurrences (2016): June 12, Pulse Nightclub —The City of Orlando
experienced the worst mass shooting event in the United States'
history up to that date. 49 victims were killed, 53 additional
were injured, and the shooter was killed.
56
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
A terrorist attack would most likely be very localized and
isolated and impact less than 25% of the geographic area of the
County, however effects could be county -wide.
Overall Vulnerability
Overall vulnerability to a terrorist attack is medium within
Seminole County and its jurisdictions. Human and property
impacts could be severe and widespread depending on the
nature of the attack. Because terrorist attacks can take many
forms and include many types of weapons, it is difficult to
reduce the county's overall vulnerability to these incidents. First
response agencies attempt to reduce vulnerability through
prevention tactics and intelligence sharing. No jurisdiction in
Seminole County is more vulnerable to attack than another.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human
High Impact — great potential for threat to health and safety
depending on type of attack.
Localized impact if explosive, but potentially wide spread effects
if CBRN.
Property
High Impact — depending on type of attack and property
targeted, there could be major, if not catastrophic localized
damage.
Environment
Potentially high impact if CBRNE is dispersed.
Aquifer system is vulnerable to intentional spill of hazardous
materials.
Economic
High Impact — if target is financial or major commercial building
or institution, impacts can be greater and more widespread;
other cases could shut down industries, infrastructure, and/or
the delivery of services.
Program Operations
If attack is in vicinity of program operations, there could be
major impacts and disruption; potential relocation.
Responders
Potentially very dangerous and hazardous conditions.
Requires proper personal protective equipment for various
threats; potential for increased stress and fatigue.
COOP
Depending on type, scale, and specific location of event, the
COOP Plan could be disrupted.
Property/ Facilities/
Potentially high impact to critical facilities and infrastructure
Infrastructure
depending on target of attack and type of threats.
Public Confidence in the
Public's confidence could be severely impacted by terrorist
Jurisdiction's Governance
attack depending on nature and scale of threat. Prevention and
response are key to maintaining confidence.
57
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Mitigation projects for terrorism include:
• Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
• Homeland Security assessment / surveys
• Intelligence surveillance systems
• Public outreach / education
• Security and surveillance systems for critical facilities
• See Something, Say Something systems
• VIPER surveillance programs
Plans Terrorism Annex to CEMP
58
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Tornadoes
Probability of Occurrence 1-5 Years
Risk 62%
Relative Risk High
Description A tornado is a mobile vortex of violently rotating winds,
extending downward from the cloud base and advancing in front
of a storm front; they are made visible by vaporized moisture
and debris.
Florida is the state that experiences the most number of
tornadoes per square mile. Florida had an average of 55
tornadoes per year since 1961, with an average of four fatalities
per year. Florida tornadoes are generally short in duration and
have a narrower path. Because of the unpredictable pattern of
storms and tornadoes and the relatively high reoccurrence
frequency, all of the state, including Seminole County is
vulnerable to damage. As the number of structures and people
increase, the potential damage and injury rates increase. Mobile
and modular homes, poorly constructed and substandard
housing apartment complexes, and low rent housing projects
are extremely susceptible to damage and destruction.
Extent EF1— EF5 (Enhanced Fujita Scale)
Location Tornadoes may affect any area of Seminole County.
Significant Occurrences (1966): April 4 — Central Florida experienced its largest tornado
on record. An EF4 tornado hit Seminole County killing 11 and
injuring 530 people.
(1998): February 22 — EF 3 tornado struck Seminole County and
caused $31 million dollars in damages. This is the deadliest in
recorded history through the State of Florida.
(2006): November 7 — Election Day tornado damaged over 30
homes and destroyed two. This tornado was in the Aloma/State
Road 417 area just outside the Oviedo city limits.
(2009): February 2 — Ground Hog Day Tornado. While most of
the damage from this event was in Lake and Volusia counties,
the tornadoes sparked the discussion of tornado sirens. The City
of Oviedo elected to purchase these outdoor warning devices.
Seminole County elected to provide an electronic text, voice, e-
mail notification system which would be called "Alert Seminole".
(2009): May 19 — Casselberry Tornado. An EFO tornado touched
down briefly (0.8 mile track) and removed the roofs from a
single family home and mobile home. Portions of the roofs and
other debris were carried downstream, with large metal pieces
59
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
deposited in trees. Another 8 homes sustained minor damage.
(2019): January 24 — EFO tornado hit Sanford peaking at 85 MPH
winds, property damage estimated $1.38 M
Since 1966, Seminole County has been affected by a total of 28
tornado events that have caused significant damage across the
county. Due to the impact to physical property, the possibility of
death or injury, and the likelihood of interruption of economic
services to the community, a tornado event is rated high on a
threat level when compared to other hazards.
Spatial Extent - Tornadoes are usually very isolated and would
impact less than 25% of the geographically area of the county
Overall Vulnerability The overall vulnerability of tornadoes is high, especially with the
increased rate of growth within Seminole County and its
jurisdictions. Increased populations causes new development
and a larger impact area for tornadoes to cause damage. More
densely populated areas such as Altamonte Springs and Sanford
are more vulnerable than loosely populated areas such as the
eastern part of unincorporated Seminole County. Buildings not
built to withstand high winds are vulnerable to even the weakest
of tornadoes. The Local Mitigation Strategy identifies
opportunities for critical infrastructure and other buildings to be
retrofitted to reduce their vulnerability to tornadoes.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human High impact in the immediate path of the tornado. Florida has an
average of 4 tornado -caused deaths per year. Likelihood or
tornadoes is equal in any jurisdiction of Seminole County.
Property High Impact -tornadoes have historically been known to cause a
large amount of property damage. In 1998, and EF 3 tornado in
Seminole County caused $31 million in damages. Property
damage from a tornado is likely in any jurisdiction in which the
tornado occurs, but could be more devastating in low-income
areas.
Environment Moderate Impact- mainly isolated in nature, but can harm or kill
various plant and animals and debris and hazardous materials
could be released into the environment.
The Local Mitigation Strategy recognizes that with a changing
climate, there is the potential for an increasing risk of
environmental impacts from tornadoes and that future
mitigation and adaptation strategies related to this hazard
should be considered.
Economic Moderate Impact- A tornado can have a large economic impact
to the community. Tornado events are typically very costly to
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
recover from and can impact the ability for the community to
reopen businesses.
Program Operations
Agencies may be forced to relocate if tornado is threatening the
area. Operations could be stalled by transportation and
communication barriers.
Responders
Immediate response can be stalled because of dangerous
weather conditions; proper personal protective equipment may
be needed as well.
COOP
Possible impact to COOP Plan. Agencies may be forced to
relocate to continue essential operations as a result of the
impact from tornadoes.
Property/ Facilities/
Tornadoes can cause massive failures in electrical,
Infrastructure
communications, and other critical infrastructures.
Public Confidence in the
Timely warning provided by local forecasters and emergency
Jurisdiction's Governance
management will be critical along with response and recovery
efforts taken by county agencies.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Mitigation projects for tornadoes include:
• Construction hardening ordinances / rules
• Emergency / reverse calling systems
• Emergency tornado shelter
• Public education / outreach
• Sky Warn certification
• Wind retrofitting critical infrastructures
Plans Emergency Alert and Warning Systems Operations Annex to the
CEMP
Figure below shows NWS tornado tracks from 1950-2017 in Seminole County:
i
MY
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r_'
Not
,of
,ell
61
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Transportation Accident
(Aircraft, Rail, Mass Casualty Incident)
Probability of Occurrence 1-5 Years
Risk 43%
Relative Risk Medium
Description Seminole County has three (3) small air strips on the east side of
Seminole County in Geneva, Lake Harney area, and Chuluota
capable of landing a small aircraft (i.e. Cessna). In addition,
many small planes use lakes as landing and take -off locations,
including Prairie Lake (Altamonte Springs), Lake Jessup (Winter
Springs), and various other large bodies of water. The largest
airport in Seminole County is an international airport inside the
City of Sanford.
The Orlando Sanford International Airport (SFB) is situated on
approximately 2,000 acres in the boundaries of the City of
Sanford in the northwestern section of Seminole County. The
Sanford Airport Authority is responsible for the operation,
maintenance, and development of the SFB airstrips. In the year
2017, the SFB statistics included 307,064 landings and takeoffs;
196 imports and 136 exports of cargo; and 2,922,446 passenger
arrivals and departures.
Rail systems are another major transportation method within
Seminole County. The addition of the Central Florida Rail
Corridor (CFRC) Transit System provides new vulnerabilities for
major transportation of persons through the community.
SunRail began operations in 2014 with stations in DeBary,
Sanford, Lake Mary, Longwood, Altamonte Springs, Maitland,
Winter Park, Florida Hospital, LYNX Central Station, Church
Street, Orlando Health/Amtrak and Sand Lake Road.
The SunRail became fully operational in 2016 and there are now
seventeen train stations along the 61 mile CRFC Corridor. The
Amtrak Auto Train takes passengers and their vehicles nonstop
from Sanford, Florida to the Washington, DC area. In addition to
SunRail and the Amtrak Auto Train, Amtrak provides major
transportation of customers through the center portions of
Seminole County.
Location No particular geographic area in Seminole County.
Significant Occurrences (2003): April 5 - Students and chaperones were thrown from
their seats as buses slammed into one another on Interstate 4 in
the City of Sanford. Of the 118 people on the three buses -- 94
students, 21 chaperones and 3 drivers -- half were injured. They
suffered an assortment of cuts and bruises.
62
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Spatial Extent - accidents are very isolated in nature and would
affect less than 25% of the geographical area of the county
Overall Vulnerability The overall vulnerability of transportation accidents is medium
within Seminole County and its jurisdictions. Humans are very
vulnerable to transportation accidents especially in high traffic
areas or incidents of large entities such as trains or airplanes
where hundreds of lives are affected. While transportation
incidents do not typically affect many physical buildings,
infrastructure such as roadways and train tracks can be greatly
affected or shut down completely. Jurisdictions with major
highways such as 1-4 and SR417; including Altamonte Springs,
Lake Mary, unincorporated Seminole County, Oviedo, Winter
Springs, and Sanford are more vulnerable to transportation
accidents. Jurisdictions with active rail systems including
Altamonte Springs, Longwood, Lake Mary, Sanford, and
unincorporated Seminole County are vulnerable to rail
accidents. The City of Sanford is most vulnerable to an aircraft
accident because of the location of the Orlando Sanford
International Airport.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human
High Impact- depending on type of accident, major injuries and
mass casualties are possible, especially with aircraft and trains.
Property
Low Impact- depending on nature and scale of accident, isolated
property damage could occur.
Environment
Low Impact- any impact would be isolated in nature, unless in
the extreme case a fire is started in a vulnerable wildfire area.
Economic
Low Impact- isolated accidents do not pose major threats to the
economy, though depending on the type and scale of the
accident and areas impacted, the cost to repair and recover
could be expensive.
Program Operations
A transportation accident would have little or no impact on
program operations.
Responders
Responders would require appropriate personal protective
equipment; personnel may need support if a mass casualty
incident occurs.
COOP
Impacts to COOP Plan would likely be minimal because the
isolated nature of a transportation accident.
Property/ Facilities/
Isolated property and critical facilities and transportation
Infrastructure
infrastructure could be shut down or impacted depending on
nature, scale and location of event.
Public Confidence in the
Public confidence is related to the overall response to a major
Jurisdiction's Governance
traffic accident on the part of the County's responders.
63
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Mitigation projects for transportations accidents include:
• Emergency alerting systems / signage
• Installation of train track safety signage
• Promote insurance to residents
• Public education / outreach
• Use of autonomous vehicles in State of Florida
Plans Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan
The figure below depicts the completion of the beltway around the Orlando Metropolitan area. The Wekiva
Parkway will link to State Road 429 (west beltway) and State Road 417 (east beltway) in Heathrow/Lake Mary.
1.
SW
ae
e : %J X7
Figure below shows the SunRail stations (the metro -train through the center of the Metropolitan area):
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M dway
I.aafMaw
a�an�a cakes �a r CD
L�
c�
M� , aM.ry
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. .41 rr F.� '� r ParkY colMrrw
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64
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Tropical Cyclones
(Hurricanes and Tropical Storms)
Probability of Occurrence 1-5 Years
Risk 76%
Relative Risk High
Description A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system
characterized by a low-pressure center, strong winds, and a
spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain.
Depending on their size, sustained wind speeds, and location
they can be referred to as:
Tropical Storms: A tropical storm is a tropical cyclone with an
organized system of strong thunderstorms, defined surface
circulation, and maximum sustained winds of 39-73 miles per
hour. Storms with wind speeds below 39 mph are considered
tropical depressions.
Hurricanes: A hurricane is a tropical cyclone with sustained wind
of forces equal to or exceeding or 74 mph, most often occurring
in the Western Atlantic and usually accompanied by rain,
thunder, and lightning. Hurricanes are categorized using Saffir-
Simpson scale, which measures sustained wind speeds over a 1
minute average and at 33ft above the surface. The categories
are:
Category 1: Sustained wind speeds of 74-95 mph
Category 2: Sustained wind speeds of 96-110 mph
Category 3: Sustained wind speeds of 111-129 mph
Category 4: Sustained wind speeds of 130-156 mph
Category 5: Sustained wind speeds of 157 mph or higher
Note: Categories three and above are considered major
hurricanes.
Extent Ranging from a Tropical Storm to the effects of a Category 5
Hurricane (Saffir-Simpson Scale)
Location Because of the nature and size of these storms, they could affect
any part of Seminole County and would likely impact the whole
county.
65
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Significant Occurrences (2004): Hurricanes Charley, Frances, and Jeanne - Local State of
Emergency declared, County offices and schools closed.
(2005): Wilma - flooding rains, etc.
(2008): Tropical Storm Fay - major flooding from torrential rains.
(2016): Hurricane Matthew - tropical storm force winds and
heavy rain.
(2017): Hurricane Irma - damages recorded include
infrastructure damage, debris, hazardous materials, flooded
areas and road damage.
Spatial Extent - Tropical cyclones can have far reaching effects
and would impact the entire county.
Overall Vulnerability The overall vulnerability of tropical cyclones is high within all
jurisdictions of Seminole County. The possibility of harm to
humans, high property damage, and potential infrastructure
losses all combine to make tropical cyclones one of the highest
threat hazards. Seminole County is vulnerable to tropical
cyclones to a similar level in all jurisdictions because of the
spatial extent of a hurricane or tropical storm. The Local
Mitigation Strategy works to protect critical infrastructure in
order to reduce the vulnerability of the community.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human High Impact- depending on the strength of the storm,
evacuations of low-lying areas and mobile/ manufactured homes
may be called — in most recent storms, mandatory evacuations
have been ordered for these areas.
Food and water issues may arise if residents are unprepared and
injuries and fatalities possible, most likely due to flooding.
Property High Impact- depending on strength of the storm, structural
damage to residential, commercial, industrial, and governmental
buildings could be major. In Hurricane Irma, Seminole County
and its jurisdictions received damage to roads, bridges, parks
facilities, and water control facilities such as culverts.
Environment Varied Impacts- depending on strength of the storm, trees and
shrubbery could sustain major damage.
Transportation of foreign debris and flooding can disrupt
ecosystem services.
The Local Mitigation Strategy recognizes that with a changing
climate, there is the potential for an increasing risk of
environmental impacts from tropical cyclones and that future
mitigation and adaptation strategies related to this hazard
should be considered.
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Economic
High Impact- Depending on strength of the storm, low to high
impacts could be felt within the path of the storm on all business
sectors. Regional impacts could be greater with a catastrophic
storm.
Program Operations
If damage to government offices occurs, relocation may be
needed.
Responders
Difficulty responding during event due to dangerous weather
conditions; staff may experience fatigue and stress during
hazardous conditions, and status of responders' family may
affect the responders' ability to perform his/her duties.
COOP
The COOP Plan may be disrupted depending on strength of
storm.
Property/ Facilities/
High Impact- depending on strength of the storm, structural
Infrastructure
damage to residential, commercial, industrial, and governmental
buildings could be major.
Public Confidence in the The public's confidence is related to how well services are kept
Jurisdiction's Governance online, proper warning information, and ability to respond to
various hazards associated with tropical cyclones.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Mitigation projects for tropical cyclones include:
•
Clear waterways of obstructions
•
Demolition of Severe Repetitive Loss properties
•
Electrical system — landscape clearing
•
Elevation of structures above Base Flood Elevation
•
Elimination of flooding of commercial buildings by structure
modifications
•
Enhancements of storm water systems (grey infrastructure)
•
Floodplain and stream restoration
•
Floodplain Ordinances
•
Low impact development
•
Public Education / Outreach
•
Reconstruction and raising elevation of streets
•
Redundant power systems to critical infrastructures
•
SkyWarn certification
•
Water retention, green space preservation, green
infrastructure
•
Wind and screen protection at shelters & critical
infrastructures.
Plans Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan
Emergency Alert and Warning Systems Operations Annex
67
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Violent Acts (Non -Terrorism)
Probability of Occurrence 1-5 Years
Risk 43%
Relative Risk Medium
Description Acts of violence in America are a legitimate hazard to
communities and municipalities across America. Since the 1990s
shootings in public schools, recreational parks, movie theatres,
and college campuses have increased in both frequency of
incidents and number of fatalities. Violent act hazards are not
concentrated to a particular region or locale. Shootings,
stabbings and other violent acts can take place anywhere in the
country and are highly unpredictable. Perpetrators of violent
acts do not have an agenda, do not have a target group in mind
and do not have a purpose or mission to be accomplished.
Unlike terrorist groups, perpetrators of violent acts are not
organized and are very difficult to spot because perpetrators are
largely ignored or go unnoticed. Violent acts negatively impact
neighborhoods and communities because shootings and
fatalities occur to members of younger population
demographics (ages 5 to 30).
Location All of Seminole County
Significant Occurrences There have been no major recent acts of violence in Seminole
County, although one of the deadliest mass shooting occurred in
Orlando in 2016, Pulse Night Club - 49 killed, 53 wounded.
Spatial Extent - Event would be highly isolated in nature and
would impact less than 25% of the geographic area of the
county.
Overall Vulnerability The overall vulnerability of people, systems, and buildings within
Seminole County and its jurisdictions is medium. Even with
specialized equipment, teams and training for these type of
events, soft targets and mass gatherings continue to be
vulnerable targets for violent acts. First responders work to
reduce the vulnerability of large events by implementing
security checkpoints, vehicle barricades and other safety
measures. However, violent acts can occur anywhere and with
no notice. Buildings, infrastructure, and systems within Seminole
County are not very vulnerable to violent acts. Although a
violent act can happen anywhere, the cities of Altamonte
Springs and Sanford may be more vulnerable to attacks due to
68
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
their large number of outside public events.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human
High Impact- Violent acts can cause mass injuries/casualties
depending on nature and scale of act.
Mental and emotional stress can also be heightened.
Property
Low Impact- Non -terrorist violent acts typically do not target or
impact property specifically, and if so, damage would likely be
minimal.
Environment
Low impact- There is low probability that the environment
would be impacted from a violent act unless it is an intentional
fire.
Economic
Low Impact- any violent act would have minimal effects on local
economy.
Program Operations
Unless an act directly impacts government personnel or
buildings, the impacts would be minimal.
Responders
Would require necessary personal protective equipment
depending on nature and scale of situation.
Status of responders' family may affect the responders' ability to
perform his/her duties.
COOP
The COOP Plan would largely be unaffected by a non -terrorist
violent act, depending on the act.
Property/ Facilities/
Impacts would be isolated to facilities directly related to a
Infrastructure
violent act and some transportation infrastructure could be
disrupted during response to a security threat.
Public Confidence in the
Public's confidence would be dependent upon the ability of the
Jurisdiction's Governance
County to thwart threat, respond to situation, and protect
victims.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Mitigation projects for violent acts include:
• Active Shooter Drills
• Active Shooter Training
• Assessment and assistance programs
• Bollards, metal detection equipment, paid security, security
check -points, and video surveillance, at critical infrastructures
• Intelligence gathering equipment / systems
• Public education / outreach
• School Resource officers/deputies at all public schools
• Stop the Bleed Training
Plans Active Shooter Response Plan Operations Annex to the CEMP
Family Reunification Center Plan
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Hazard: Winter Storms/ Freezes
Probability of Occurrence 6-10 Years
Risk 29%
Relative Risk Low
Description A freeze is when the surface air temperature is expected to be
32°F or below over a widespread area for at least 3 or more
consecutive days. Use of the term is usually restricted to
aversive situations or occasions when wind or other conditions
prevent frost. "Killing" may be used during the growing season
when the temperature is expected to be low enough for a
sufficient duration to kill all but the hardiest herbaceous crops.
Extreme cold can immobilize an entire region. Even areas, such
as Seminole County, that normally experience mild winters can
be hit with an extreme cold winter event. Winter storms can
result in ice, localized flooding, closed highways, blocked roads,
downed power lines, and hypothermia.
Extent
3 - 10 consecutive days of 32°F or lower
Location
Winter Storms/ freezes would impact all of Seminole County.
Significant Occurrences
(1989): December- cold outbreak and hard freeze, temperatures
in the 20s, extensive damage to citrus crop, power blackouts, in
the entire state of Florida, 26 deaths were the result of
hypothermia.
(2018): January- NWS declares Hard Freeze in Seminole County
causing shelters to be opened for relief from the elements.
Spatial Extent- Would likely have county -wide consequences
impacting greater than 50% of the geographic area of the
county.
Overall Vulnerability
With an overall low vulnerability in all jurisdictions of Seminole
County, winter storms and freezes can cause the most harm in
homeless populations, with approximately 2,000 homeless
residents across Seminole, Orange, and Osceola counties
reported in 2018. Due to the mild nature of winter storms in
Central Florida, the vulnerability of our infrastructure and
buildings is low.
Impacts/ Consequences
Human
Low impact- Risk of hypothermia and extreme loss of heat if
residents are not prepared for conditions (especially with wind
70
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
chill factored in). Special needs population, infants, children, and
elderly may require more attention.
Property
Low impact- historically, no major problems for properties in
Seminole County, but in extreme situations electrical outages
and dangerous road conditions are possible. Effects would likely
be uniform across jurisdictions within Seminole County.
Environment
Moderate Impact- Damage or loss of susceptible plants and
animals.
The Local Mitigation Strategy recognizes that with a changing
climate, there is the potential for an increasing risk of
environmental impacts from winter storms/freezes and that
future mitigation and adaptation strategies related to this
hazard should be considered.
Economic
Low impact- possible impact to agriculture, especially plant and
animal industries within the county.
Program Operations
Relatively low impact to operations; prolonged severe cold
weather periods may strain utility companies.
Responders
Low impact to responders; extended periods of cold weather
increases risk for hypothermia, fatigue, etc.
COOP
Very little to no impact on COOP from a winter storm or freeze
except in the case of power outages.
Property/ Facilities/
Low impact- historically, no major problems for properties in
Infrastructure
Seminole County, but in extreme situations electrical outages
and dangerous road conditions are possible.
Major disruption could occur with transportation infrastructure
or damage to critical facilities.
Public Confidence in the
The public's confidence is dependent upon the ability of
Jurisdiction's Governance
responders to provide proper warning, respond to utility
outages, and protect vulnerable populations and infrastructure.
Risk Reduction Through
Mitigation Mitigation projects for winter storms include:
• Agriculture business continuity planning education / training
• Citrus / agriculture heater units
• Personal protective equipment
• Public education / outreach
• Warming centers
Plans Extreme Weather Plan Operations Annex to the CEMP
71
HAZARD AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT TOOL
RISK = PROBABII ITY x (VULNERABILITY- Nil] ICA'FION)
VULNERABILITY
MITIGATION
HUMAN
PROPERTY
SPATIAL
ECONOMIC
PREPAREDNESS
TRAINING
LOGISTICS
PROBABILI"1Y
RISK
INCIDENT
IMPACT
IMPACT
IMPACT
EXERCISE
Liketih<xxl this will
Possibility of
Physical losses
Amount aj
hrterrupcion of
Multi year
F'r/eipment
"Teams
lLJuirr
rx.•c7tr
each
death or injury
atx/damages
Geographic Area
services
Specialized Plau.r
Training and
rhrrut"
Affected
Fxercise Planning
Stipyort
0=N/A
0=N/A
0=N/A
1=Yearly TEP
I=Highly Spcc
1 = 10+
1=Low
I=Low
1 = Up to 23 %
1=Low
1 = Specif Haz Plan /Test
2 = TEP every other
Teams/Equip
/I _
SCORE
2 = G-I U yrs
2 =
2 Moderate
2 = 25-0U°/
2 _
2 Addressed in other plans
yr
2=Minimal
lull
3 = 1.5 yrs
HighModerate
3 High
3 High
3 = 50 or more
=Moderate
3 High
3 = No spec plan for haz
3 = Rarely
Equiplfeams
"
tram d/exereised
3 = Low or none
Agriculture
I
2
1
I
I
2
Civil Disorder
2
2
2
1
2
I
1
I
32 %
Critical
Infrastructure
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
Disruption
2
1
3
C ber Security
3
3
3
2
1
3
3
Disease
3
0
1
1
1
%
Pandemic
1
2
Drought /Water
3
I
3
2
3
1
Shortage
—.-
1
_
Earthquakes
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
Extreme Heat
3
0
1
3
1
l
2
2
3
1
3
41%
Financial
1
3
3
Collapse
2
_ 1
Fires / Wildfires
3
1
1
1
48 %
--- -.
............----
2
......_.---................
1
........ -- --
Floods
--—.......
3
2
3
21
1
1
43%
Haz Mat
3
3
2
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
Mass / Planned
3
1
1
1
38%
Events
Mass Migration
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
I
2
1
1
I
3 _............
1
1
57%
43%
Severe Weather
3
3
1
2
1
Sinkholes 3
1 _......—
- 1
— .........
I
41%
— - —
Terrorism 2
3
__...__
3
..._...._
1
3
I
I
Tom adoes 3
3
3
-
I
1 ................
2
3
.......
-- ....1.
..
Transportation 3 -
—'-
1
1
1 ........
43%
Tropical 3
3
3
1
1
2
Cyclones. "...
_
1
43%
Violent Acts
3
3
1
I
I
_(Non -Terror)
1
I
I
I
1
Winter Storms 2
I
.7hreal increaser with percentage.
MEDIUM
31 Y G0'%
72
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Vulnerability
The LMS Working Group has included a multi -layered approach to assessing the vulnerability of the
participating jurisdictions to future disasters. The various vulnerability assessments build on the
identification of hazards in the community and the risk that the hazards pose to the community.
Local planners can use the hazard identification and risk estimation process to prioritize the facilities and
neighborhoods that most need to be assessed for their specific vulnerability, for example by beginning with
the jurisdictions exhibiting the highest overall relative risk. Then, for these jurisdictions, the individual
facilities, systems and neighborhoods of Seminole County are assessed specifically for the extent of their
vulnerability to damage or disruption by the hazard events identified for the corresponding jurisdiction,
and the specific impact to the community if this occurred.
Assessing Vulnerabilities
Repetitive Loss Properties
The Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Grant Program was created as part of the National Flood Insurance
Reform Act (NFIRA) of 1994 with the goal of reducing or eliminating claims under the National Flood
Insurance Program.
Consistent with Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (Public Law 112-141), the FMA Grant
Program changed in FY 2013 to allow more federal funds for properties with repetitive flood claims and
severe repetitive loss properties, and the Repetitive Flood Claims and Severe Repetitive Loss Grant
Programs were eliminated.
The primary objective of the Repetitive Loss Properties Strategy is to eliminate or reduce the damage to
property and the disruption of life caused by repeated flooding of the same properties. A specific target
group of repetitive loss properties is identified and serviced separately from other NFIP policies by the
Special Direct Facility (SDF). The target group includes every NFIP-insured property that, since 1978 and
regardless of any change(s) of ownership during that period, has experienced:
o Insured property with at least 2 flood claims where the repairs equaled or exceeded 25% of the
market value of the structure at the time of the flood event.
o Insured property with flood history of 4 or more separate claims of $5,000 each with cumulative
total exceeding $20,000 or at least 2 claim payments where the cumulative amount of 2 claims
exceeds the market value of the structure.
Although the Flood Mitigation Assistance Grant Program is federally funded, the program is
administered through a partnership with the Florida Division of Emergency Management (FDEM),
Native American Tribal governments, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. FDEM has
the authority and responsibility for developing and maintaining a State Mitigation Plan, assisting
local jurisdictions and Native American Tribal governments in developing and maintaining Flood
73
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Mitigation Plans, reviewing Flood Mitigation Assistance Program sub -applications, recommending
cost effective sub -applications to FEMA and providing pass -through grant funds to awarded Flood
Mitigation Assistance Program projects from eligible sub -applicants.
FDEM is also responsible for ensuring that projects funded by the Flood Mitigation Assistance
Program are completed and that all performance and financial reporting requirements are met.
Seminole
County
Altamonte
Springs
Casselberry
Lake
Mary
Longwood
Oviedo
Sanford
Winter
Springs
# of
Properties
by Type
Residential
38
2
0
0
0
1
5
3
Commercial
2
4
0
0
0
0
3
0
Institutional
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total # of
Repetitive
40
6
0
0
0
1
8
3
Loss
Properties
# of
repetitive
Loss
Properties in
33
5
0
0
0
0
5
1
a Special
Flood Hazard
Area
As of 9/11/2019, FEMA Region IV Floodplain Management and Insurance Branch
The actual database of repetitive loss properties will not be provided in this LMS plan because of
the specific address and personal information associated with the information. However, specific
requests for information may be requested from any of the appropriate jurisdictions directly, or
through the NFIP at FEMA.
Through the various outreach methods in each jurisdiction that has repetitive loss properties, an
effort is being made to eliminate or reduce the risks of future flooding to those properties through
various mitigation techniques. Each jurisdiction sends a notice to each owner of a property in a
repetitive loss area, soliciting interest and participation in various potential mitigation grant
programs, and to keep them informed of flood risk and insurance information.
A Floodplain Management Plan is also maintained by the Office of Emergency Management to
further plan for the mitigation and reduction of flood risks in Seminole County and its
municipalities.
74
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Land Use Trends and Potential Loss
The LMS Working Group recognizes that the way in which land is utilized, especially land within
known hazard -prone areas, is a key measure of community vulnerability because some land uses,
such as for residential or industrial development, can be more susceptible to disaster -related
damages than others. For the Seminole County mitigation strategy, this analysis is done on a
jurisdiction -specific basis because individual jurisdictions have the most significant planning and
legal control over land use policy.
Within the jurisdictions that have completed this analysis, two reports contain information on land
use trends within the jurisdiction:
o Current Land Uses and the Potential for New Development, which identifies the estimated
amount of land still available for new development, as well as summarizing the relative
extent of current land uses.
o Future Land Uses and General Development Trends, which summarizes the jurisdiction's
rate of development of vacant lands or redevelopment of existing properties, and, if the
jurisdiction has an adopted land use plan, the desired relative extent of planned land uses.
All jurisdictions in Seminole County continue to grow either slightly or rapidly, and all are
participants in the National Flood Insurance Program. Pressure for development into wetland areas
continues to be an ongoing issue in the county. Increasing populations in the past several years
have caused an increase in development within Seminole County and its jurisdictions which can
increase the communities' vulnerability to flooding and transportation incidents. An additional fire
station was built in Oviedo, and increasing traffic concerns arise from higher congestion on
roadways. These increasing traffic concerns also lead to a higher vulnerability of transportation
incidents, with more people on roadways and other transportation systems.
The LMS Working Group recognizes that its efforts, particularly to identify the areas of the
participating jurisdictions at risk from various hazards, is a key factor in guiding the careful use of
land to minimize future vulnerabilities to disaster. When needed and desired by a specific
jurisdiction, modifications to the plans, ordinances, codes and similar policies can be proposed as
mitigation initiatives for incorporation into this plan. During the update of this plan, the LMS
Planning Team considered the increasing population, and by extension increased development,
when writing the new goals and objectives. The Goals and Objectives of this plan drive the
mitigation initiatives that become the long term projects of the local mitigation strategy.
Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
Seminole County has conducted an inventory of existing buildings, infrastructure, and critical
facilities located within the hazard areas boundaries. For purpose of this LMS these include
emergency service facilities, medical facilities, government facilities, schools, emergency/
evacuation shelters, fire and police stations, emergency operation center, facilities used by special
needs populations, and any other facilities identified by the Office of Emergency Management. This
critical facilities list aligns with the critical infrastructure sectors outlines by the Department of
Homeland Security and is updated annually.
The identified potentially at -risk critical facilities and structures for Seminole County are listed in the
75
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Critical Facility and Structure List maintained by Seminole County's Office of Emergency
Management. The Seminole County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan contains
additional information in regard to vulnerable existing buildings, infrastructure, and critical facilities.
All listed critical facilities will remain open during disaster operations of all hazards, and
prioritization of power restoration is identified on the list. The Critical Facility and Structure List
contains confidential information so therefore is not published with this plan.
Mitigation Goals
The LMS Working Group has established a number of goals and objectives to guide its work in the
development of this plan. The goals and objectives help to focus the efforts of the group in the
mitigation planning effort to achieve an end result that matches the unique needs, capabilities and
desires of the participating jurisdictions.
The goals are established for both the entire planning area and all of the participating jurisdictions.
During the plan update process, a list of suggested goals and objectives selected from the previous
LMS document was circulated to members of the LMS Working Group. The goals selected by the
LMS Working Group are related to the broad mitigation needs and capabilities of the communities
involved, rather than addressing a specific hazard type or category. Therefore, the Seminole County
mitigation goals and objectives, by definition, are multi -hazard in scope and can be described as
statements of the desired mitigation -related capabilities which will be present in each participating
jurisdiction in the future, as the goals are achieved.
Community priorities are reflected in the goals and objectives set by the Local Mitigation Strategy
Working Group. Community members from each jurisdiction make up the planning team which
came together to review and update this plan, communicating each jurisdiction's priorities for the
plan moving forward. Priority changes that affect the goals and objectives come as a result of
changes in administration, funding availability, identified hazards, and recent historical occurrences.
For example, the objectives under each of the plan's new goal were made to be SMART (Specific,
Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time -sensitive) objectives so the progress of the Working
Group can be more accurately measured.
Mitigation Actions
The goals established by the LMS Working Group are considered to be broad, general guidance that
define the long-term direction of the planning. Each goal statement has one or more objectives that
provide a specific framework for actions to be taken by the LMS Working Group and its participants.
The objectives define actions or results to be accomplished by the LMS Working Group, and are a
reflection of the priorities of the group and other stakeholders. These objectives were written by
the LMS Planning Team during the planning process.
The goals selected by the LMS Working Group are intended to create a specific framework for
guiding the development of proposed mitigation initiatives for incorporation into the plan.
Whenever feasible, the planning participants have associated each proposed mitigation initiative
with the goal the initiative is intended to achieve. Proposing mitigation initiatives consistent with
the overarching goals is a principal mechanism for the LMS Working Group participants to achieve
the stated goals of the mitigation planning program.
76
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy Goals and Objectives
1.1— Annually use historic and scientific data to identify hazards, risk areas and
vulnerabilities in the community and make necessary updates to the Local Mitigation
Strategy and/ or annexes of the LMS.
1.2 — Proposed mitigation policy changes will be reviewed with the Local Mitigation
Strategy Working Group on an as needed basis using historic and scientific data provided
by the Seminole County Office of Emergency Management.
1.3 — Effectiveness of completed mitigation initiatives will be measured through the
review of after action/ improvement items and public comments gathered during and
immediately after a disaster within 90 days of the After Action Report completion.
2.1— Annually review and implement interagency agreements, as needed, to improve multi -
jurisdictional/ multi -agency coordination.
2.2 — Quarterly invite public and private sector organizations to LMS Working Group meetings to
promote hazard mitigation programming throughout the community.
2.3 — Conduct outreach programs including mitigation at least once annually with businesses,
institutions, and community groups.
2.4 — Encourage local elected governing bodies to promulgate the local mitigation plan and
support community mitigation programming through annual presentations to all jurisdictions'
governing bodies.
2.5 — Ensure participation of each jurisdiction in training and exercise through an annual review
of training and exercise documentation.
2.6 — Quarterly review and provide at least one comment on any relevant open statewide or
national mitigation planning efforts.
2.7 — Review Disaster Housing Plan during even years and provide mitigation initiatives to the
Local Mitigation Strategy Working Group to affect short-term and long-term housing after a
disaster.
77
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
3.1— Annually identify possible critical infrastructure or facilities which could be retrofitted or
relocated using mitigation funding.
3.2 — Evaluate utility, telecommunications, and information technology systems through annual
meetings with agency partners to determine potential mitigation opportunities. Retrofit and
relocation projects may be submitted to strengthen systems.
3.3 — Annually assess evacuation and access routes to identify potential relocation, retrofit or
modification opportunities to ensure safe passage before, during and after disaster events.
3.4 — Annually assess opportunity for shelter retrofit funding for current or future evacuation
shelters and apply for funding as applicable.
3.5 — Conduct annual assessment of health and safety needs in the community and propose
mitigation or other initiatives based on assessment findings.
3.6 — Annually look for opportunities to construct or retrofit transportation facilities to minimize
the potential for disruption during a disaster.
3.7 — Annually invite private sector organizations who own or operate key community resources
to LMS Working Group meetings to encourage hazard mitigation programs.
3.8 — Include schools, libraries, museums and other community institutions in vulnerability
assessment during 5 year LMS plan update.
4.1— All jurisdictions will develop and maintain a Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP), within
5 years of LMS plan approval, which includes physical and cyber protective measures for vital
local government records and documents from the impacts of disasters.
4.2 — Include continuity of operations planning guidance in a minimum of one presentation
annually given to businesses and community partners.
4.3 — Assess buildings and facilities used for the routine operations of government on an annual
basis to identify opportunities for relocation or retrofit to withstand the impacts of disasters.
78
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
5.1— Develop and enforce land use policies, plans and regulations to discourage or prohibit
inappropriate location of structures or infrastructure components in the special flood hazard
area or wildland urban interface. A review of the enforcement of these policies will be
conducted annually during the Floodplain Management Plan annual review.
5.2 — Address identified vulnerabilities in building and land development codes on an annual
basis through development of new codes and enforcement of current ordinances for new
development in participating jurisdictions.
5.3 — All jurisdictions should participate fully in the Building Code Effectiveness Rating Schedule,
Fire Suppression Rating Schedule, National Flood Insurance Program, and the associated
Community Rating System within a year of plan adoption.
5.4 — Update current ordinances within five years of plan adoption to include rule for the
building of new local government facilities to be outside of designated special flood hazard
areas and wildland urban interface to withstand impact of natural hazards.
5.5 — Conduct an assessment of potential mitigation or improvement measures during post -
disaster reconstruction of local government facilities to reduce the vulnerability to all hazards.
5.6 — Annually conduct outreach to include encouraging the development and enforcement of
energy conservation, green development, and resource sustainability best practices.
5.7 — Local Mitigation Strategy goals and objectives should be added to Comprehensive Plans of
all participating jurisdictions within two years of plan adoption.
5.8 — Annually maintain, monitor and enhance mitigation tactics to ensure medical facilities
(assisted living facilities, nursing homes, and similar) have proper power and HVAC plans in
place, and those plans can be implemented after a disaster.
6.1— Review needs of key employers in the community through annual business liaison
meetings.
6.2 — Establish programs, facilities or resources to support business resumption activities within
a year of plan adoption.
6.3 — Develop and implement economic development programs within two years of LMS plan
approval to encourage diversification of employment base in the community to reduce the
losses from the decline of a specific industry.
6.4 — Implement programs within a year of plan adoption to address public awareness and
expectations of community condition and functioning in the aftermath of a disaster.
79
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Addressing Known Risks and Vulnerabilities
In addition to developing proposed mitigation initiatives to achieve the established goals and
objectives, an important emphasis of the LMS Working Group is to also include proposed mitigation
initiatives in its plan that will address known vulnerabilities of important facilities and
neighborhoods to the impacts of future natural, technological or human -caused disasters. By
reducing known vulnerabilities to future disasters, it is important in the plan to document those
initiatives that are intended to address identified vulnerabilities of facilities, systems and
neighborhoods, as well as to strengthen the mitigation -related policy framework for the entire
county.
There are a number of initiatives that are not directly associated with specific facilities or
neighborhoods that have been assessed for their vulnerabilities, but address other mitigation -
related concerns, such as storm water drainage —trouble spots in the county. While they may not
affect an entire neighborhood or critical roadway, they can create unsafe conditions or damage
properties.
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Compliance
All jurisdictions are active participants in the NFIP. In an effort to ensure continued compliance with
the NFIP, each participating community will:
o Continue to enforce their adopted Floodplain Management Ordinance requirements, which
include regulating all new development and substantial improvements in Special Flood
Hazard Areas (SFHA).
o Continue to maintain all records pertaining to floodplain development, which shall be
available for public inspection
o Continue to notify the public when there are proposed changes to the floodplain ordinance
or Flood Insurance Rate Maps.
o Maintain the map and Letter of Map Change repositories.
o Continue to promote Flood Insurance for all properties.
o Continue their Community Rating System outreach programs.
Name
Altamonte Springs
PoliciesCommunity
566
$133,686,600
$302,498
Casselberry
333
$77,648,200
$228,708
Lake Mary
260
$77,583,000
$113,822
Longwood
201
$56,809,300
$145,679
Oviedo
717
$218,567,100
$303,026
Sanford
576
$149,026,600
$324,937
Winter Springs
675
$195,243,100
$315,558
Seminole County
4,188
$1,220,944,000
$2,114,036
As of 09/11/2019, FEMA NFIP Insurance Report
:$
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Community Rating System
The Community Rating System (CRS) is a voluntary program for NFIP-participating communities. The
goals of the CRS are to reduce flood losses, to facilitate accurate insurance rating, and to promote
the awareness of flood insurance. The CRS has been developed to provide incentives for
communities to go beyond the minimum floodplain management requirements to reduce the losses
from flooding. The incentives are in the form of premium discounts.
Community
Number
Community
Name
CIRS Entry
Date
Effective
Current
Class
Discount
Discount
for Non-
Status
Date
for SFHA
SFHA
120290
Altamonte
10/1/1994
5/1/2014
7
15
5
C
Springs
120416
Lake Mary
10/1/2009
10/1/2018
6
20
10
C
120292
Longwood
10/1/1996
10/1/2010
10
0
0
R
120293
Oviedo
10/1/2008
10/1/2013
6
20
10
C
120294
Sanford
10/1/2016
10/1/2016
7
15
5
C
120289
Seminole
10/1/1991
5/1/2011
6
20
10
C
Count
120295
Winter
S
10/1/1993
5/1/2013
6
20
10
C
rings
April 2019 NFIP Flood Insurance Manual Status: C= Current, R= Rescinded
It must be emphasized that in many cases, detailed information regarding the areas potentially
impacted by a specific hazard, as well as its potential health and safety, property, environmental
and economic impacts of that hazard may not have been available. Further, it has not been the
intent of the LMS Working Group, nor have funding resources been available, to conduct extensive
new studies to obtain such information solely for the purposes of the development of this
mitigation plan. Therefore, it has often been necessary to rely on the informed judgment of
knowledgeable local officials to identify hazards and derive estimates of the risk each poses to the
community.
Implementation
Prioritization of Actions
The LMS Working Group is responsible for identifying projects and activities that the Seminole
County and its municipalities want to implement that will support the tasks identified in the Goals
and Objectives section. Projects will be submitted to the LMS by eligible applicants. Project
submissions must complete a CBA and HMGP scoring form in order to be added to the priority list
(see Project List Appendix). To accomplish this responsibility, the LMS Working Group will do the
following:
o Establish a schedule for the participants to submit proposed mitigation initiatives to be
considered for incorporation into the next edition of the Seminole County Local
Mitigation Strategy.
o Ensure the use of risk assessment methodology by all participating agencies and
organizations in Seminole County for the identification, characterization and
prioritization of proposed mitigation initiatives.
81
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
o Distribute the guidance, training or information incorporated into LMS as needed to
facilitate complete and accurate submittals by the participants.
o Review each proposed mitigation initiative received for completeness, adherence to the
prescribed methodology, the validity of the characterization information and data used
by the participant, and the likelihood that the proposal will actually mitigate the
hazard(s) or vulnerability(ies) of concern.
o Prepare a cost/benefit analysis of the proposed mitigation initiatives.
o Compare proposed mitigation initiatives with others already incorporated into the plan
or being submitted during the current planning period to ensure an absence of conflict
or redundancy in purpose.
o If needed, return the proposed mitigation initiatives to the submitting agency or
organization for additional information or analysis to be resubmitted.
o Prepare a recommendation for action by the LMS Working Group to incorporate the
proposed mitigation initiative into the Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy and to
consent to listing the proposed initiative on the project list.
o On request of the agency or organization attempting to implement an approved
mitigation initiative, the LMS Working Group will certify to any identified party that the
proposed mitigation initiative has been approved for incorporation into the strategy.
o The priority of implementation is based on the score given to the project by analysis
from the LMS Working Group.
Changes in prioritization of the project rankings could change for several reasons. Environmental
conditions, such as a pending drought, would warrant more aggressive or rapid implementation of
proposed mitigation initiatives associated with this hazard, even if their overall priority score was
less than those addressing flood. In this way, adjustments in the implementation of the plan can be
made. Conditions that could warrant a change in the implementation schedule of the mitigation
initiatives could include but are not limited to:
o Declared Disasters
o Funding Availability
o New or Revised Policy Development
o Plan Revision Cycles
o Legal or Fiscal Restraints
o Life Safety Priorities
82
Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Mitigation Project Priority List
The detailed project priority list can be found in LMS Project Priority List Appendix of this plan. This
Appendix (Excel Spreadsheet) also includes the completed and deleted project lists.
Responsible for Mitigation Actions
Once incorporated into the Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy, the agency or organization
proposing the initiative becomes responsible for its implementation. This may mean developing a
budget for the effort, or making application to state and federal agencies for financial support for
implementation. This is the approach utilized by the LMS Working Group because only the
jurisdiction or organization itself has the authority or responsibility to implement its proposed
mitigation initiatives. The current status of implementation of mitigation initiatives incorporated
into the plan is discussed in the next section.
In this plan implementation process, the LMS Working Group continues to monitor the
implementation status of initiatives, to assign priorities for implementation, and to take other such
actions to support and coordinate implementation of initiatives by the involved organizations. In
reality, it is the implementation of proposed initiatives, along with other actions by the
organizations participating in the planning to maintain, refine and expand the technical analyses
used in the planning, that constitutes the process to implement the mitigation plan.
Cost -Benefit Analysis
When a project is submitted for the LMS for inclusion in the Project List with the intention of
seeking funds from various grant programs, a cost/benefit analysis worksheet will be submitted
with the proposed project for consideration by the LMS Working Group. This worksheet can be
found in the Project List Appendix of this plan.
Actions Completed
A mitigation project that has been funded and completed will be added to the Completed Project
List. The LMS Completed Project List is maintained and housed within the Office of Emergency
Management. This list can be found in the LMS Project Priority List Appendix, Completed List Tab.
The LMS project list can change frequently as funding, various local, state and federal requirements,
etc. change and/or are updated. For deleted or deferred mitigation projects a list is maintained with
each project listed including an explanation as to why the project was deleted or deferred. This list
can be found in the LMS Project Priority List Appendix, Deleted List Tab.
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Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Strategy Maintenance
LMS Monitoring and Evaluation
The LMS Plan will be housed in the Seminole County Office of Emergency Management. The LMS
Working Group meets on a quarterly basis at a minimum, as well as after times of natural disaster
events, and any other time deemed appropriate by the Working Group Chairperson, to update and
revise the LMS. The criteria used to evaluate the LMS document and activities should include, but
not be limited to the following:
o Federal and/or State Requirements
o Changes in development trends and land use that could affect infrastructure
o Storms or other natural events that have altered Seminole County's hazard areas
o Completion of existing mitigation projects and introduction of new goals
o Changes in policy, procedure or code
o Changes in building codes and practices
o Review of legislative actions that could affect funding of mitigation efforts
o Changes in Flood Insurance Rate Maps, National Flood Insurance Program, etc.
On an annual basis, the LMS Working Group will review the objectives for their completion status.
The plan is periodically reviewed and adopted by the participating jurisdictions' governing bodies to
ensure that the mitigation actions taken by their organizations are consistent with each
community's larger vision and goals, as well as their overall unique needs and circumstances. The
adoption process includes instructing the jurisdictions' agencies and organizations to continue to
refine, expand and implement the plan.
LMS Updates
Every five years, the LMS plan applies for formal review to FEMA. A FEMA approved local mitigation
plan is what allows participating communities to be eligible for various Federal and state grant
programs.
Data collected during the implementation of the plan's objectives will be used to make updates
every year, as needed. Damage assessment reports will be collected from disasters to determine
what types of mitigation efforts may be necessary. Lessons learned from previous disasters and
Improvement Items found from After Action Reports (AAR) may also contribute to the LMS update.
Citizen input will be requested at various times throughout the year. These activities include the
annual Severe Weather Awareness Week, Prepare Seminole! campaign, and at various community
outreach activities. The Local Mitigation Strategy Basic Plan is posted to the Seminole County Office
of Emergency Management mitigation webpage. Any citizen input will be brought up at quarterly
LMS meetings to be held at the Seminole County Emergency Operations Center. Each year, a list of
meetings times and dates will be posted to the website.
All notes and mitigation efforts will be put together to develop a draft LMS for update. The
Seminole County LMS Working Group will establish a more aggressive meeting schedule in
preparation for the updated/revised LMS to be resubmitted for approval for each 5-year FEMA
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Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
formal review. Once the document is ready for review, LMS committee members will conduct a
public meeting to solicit additional input before the LMS plan, any supporting documentation, and
the criteria checklist will be first submitted to the Florida Division of Emergency Management for
review, and then forwarded to FEMA for review and approval. It will be anticipated the review
process could take several months.
Following adoption or approval of the plan by all parties involved, the respective agencies and
organizations will continue to implement the plan, to expand its scope, continue its analyses, and
take other such continuing action to maintain the planning process. This includes action by the LMS
Working Group to routinely incorporate proposed mitigation initiatives into the plan, without the
necessity to also continuously solicit the formal approval of the plan by the jurisdictions' governing
bodies. This process is administered by the Office of Emergency Management.
Implementation through Existing Plans and Programs
One of the methods to most effectively implement the LMS is to propose and implement initiatives
that will further the goals and objectives in the LMS. Implemented initiatives will serve to mitigate
existing issues. Other current plans, when reviewed and updated will be compared to the initiatives
and objectives of the LMS to ensure that all planning activities work toward the common goal.
Some identified planning mechanisms utilized in this review process include (but have not been
limited to) floodplain ordinances, Comprehensive Plans of each of the participating jurisdictions, the
Seminole County Land Development Code, and the Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan.
Seminole County's Office of Emergency Management has oversight of the process for incorporating
the LMS into other local government planning mechanisms. Some plans, such as the Comprehensive
Emergency Management Plan (CEMP) and Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP), have prescribed
processes that provide the opportunity for integration of LMS goals and objectives at scheduled
intervals. During these planning cycles, Emergency Management reviews the LMS for consistency
and identifies opportunities to link the LMS to the revised plans. As an example, information
collected for the LMS risk assessment will be used to update the CEMP.
As part of the planning integration process, Emergency Management staff also continuously seeks
plan -development opportunities that are not part of existing planning cycles, but are relevant to the
goals and objectives of the LMS. The process for linking the LMS to planning projects includes
identifying mitigation -related elements in the plans under development, and ensuring policies and
initiatives in the LMS are considered and addressed. Strategic planning is an example of this, as the
process includes looking at both short and long-term needs, and addressing gaps and initiatives
through policy and budget. During the 2015-2020 period, several objectives and mitigation actions
have been implemented into planning mechanisms. The multi -jurisdictional Floodplain
Management Plan, which includes participation from Seminole County and all seven municipalities,
was updated to include plans for additional repetitive loss properties and to reduce future flood risk
countywide. The Seminole County Continuity of Operations and Continuity of Government plans
were updated to decrease the vulnerability of all county departments through backup systems,
buildings, and chain of command. The City of Altamonte Springs implemented an emergency
ordinance similar to Seminole County's.
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Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Public education and outreach is a large portion of the Local Mitigation Strategy. The LMS is
incorporated in the Prepare Seminole! Campaign which is a community action program to help all
citizens, businesses, and other organizations prepare and mitigate damages. This campaign was
launched in 2005 after tornadoes affected the Central Florida area. The public outreach initiative
uses LMS goals and objectives to encourage mitigation efforts.
The LMS goals are used to help strengthen vulnerable critical facilities by using other grants, funding
opportunities, and policy. The State Homeland Security Grant has been used to strengthen
interoperable communication systems that are used during disasters. In addition, these grants have
strengthened capabilities of the Emergency Operations Center to provide redundant
communications with other EOCs in the region and the State of Florida EOC in Tallahassee, Florida.
The Development Services Department uses strict building codes to prevent loss from fires, natural
disasters, as well as man-made events. In the City of Altamonte Springs, fire sprinkler codes were
adopted to prevent the loss of homes and buildings from fires. Strict planning and building codes
are used to minimize the vulnerability of newly constructed buildings throughout Seminole County.
Particular highlights of the LMS Working Group's efforts to implement the mitigation plan through
other plans and programs include updates to the Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan
(using the hazards/risk assessment), comprehensive future land use plans of Seminole County and
each of the participating municipalities. One of the Objectives of this Local Mitigation Strategy is to
add the LMS Goals and Objectives to each jurisdiction's Comprehensive Plan. These examples
demonstrate that each participating jurisdiction is committed to incorporating mitigation principles
and concepts into their normal operations and activities via their existing planning and
programming processes.
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Seminole County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS)
Authorities and References
FDEM. (2018). Local Mitigation Strategy Update Manual Retrieved 2019, from
https://www.floridadisaster.org/contentassets/4627af4cldbc4c4293fc8f7382468b22/Ims-update-manual-
full.pdf
VAISALA. (2019). Vaisala 2018 Annual Lightning Report Retrieved 2019 from
https://www.vaisala.com/sites/default/files/documents/2018/ 2OAnnual%2OLightning%2OReport_l.pdf
Wilhite, D. a. (1985). National Drought Mitigation Center. Retrieved 2019, from Types of Drought:
https://drought.un1.edu/Education/Droughtln-depth/TypesofDrought.aspx
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